Challenges of Growth 2013
... Challenges of Growth 2008 identified the impacts of climate change as a potential operational and financial risk to European aviation. Challenges of Growth 2013 (CG13) consulted industry stakeholders to determine to what extent they consider adaptation actions are necessary to address those risks, a ...
... Challenges of Growth 2008 identified the impacts of climate change as a potential operational and financial risk to European aviation. Challenges of Growth 2013 (CG13) consulted industry stakeholders to determine to what extent they consider adaptation actions are necessary to address those risks, a ...
Module 12 Arctic Biodiversity in a Global Context
... their cold climate. At the core of each is an area of ice and snow—the massive Antarctic ice cap generating the most extreme low temperatures, including the world record low of –89.5oC recorded at the Russian Vostok Station (lat 78o27′S). An important distinguishing feature between the three regions ...
... their cold climate. At the core of each is an area of ice and snow—the massive Antarctic ice cap generating the most extreme low temperatures, including the world record low of –89.5oC recorded at the Russian Vostok Station (lat 78o27′S). An important distinguishing feature between the three regions ...
FIRST-ORDER DRAFT IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 4 Do Not Cite
... simultaneous presence of other stresses, including but not limited to harvest pressure, habitat fragmentation and loss, competition with alien species, exposure to novel pests and diseases, nitrogen loading and increasing carbon dioxide and tropospheric ozone. [Figure 4-1, 4.2.4-4.2.4.6, 4.3.3-4.3.3 ...
... simultaneous presence of other stresses, including but not limited to harvest pressure, habitat fragmentation and loss, competition with alien species, exposure to novel pests and diseases, nitrogen loading and increasing carbon dioxide and tropospheric ozone. [Figure 4-1, 4.2.4-4.2.4.6, 4.3.3-4.3.3 ...
PDF
... On the one hand, cities have a good reason to take climate protection activities because they will be directly affected by the adverse effects of climate change. Urban infrastructure and services are vulnerable to climate change effects, such as changes in rain fall patterns and extreme weather even ...
... On the one hand, cities have a good reason to take climate protection activities because they will be directly affected by the adverse effects of climate change. Urban infrastructure and services are vulnerable to climate change effects, such as changes in rain fall patterns and extreme weather even ...
Climate Change Adaptation for Smallholder Farmers in Southeast Asia
... 1.1 What is climate change? Climate change, defined as any change in the average daily weather pattern over an extended period of time (typically decades or longer) whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (Easterling et al. 2007, IPCC 2007a), is happening now, and is alre ...
... 1.1 What is climate change? Climate change, defined as any change in the average daily weather pattern over an extended period of time (typically decades or longer) whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (Easterling et al. 2007, IPCC 2007a), is happening now, and is alre ...
Read this Publication
... parameters: the mean, variance, and first-order autocorrelation coefficient. For slight changes in the mean or variance there are increases in the frequency of both single days and runs of 2–5 consecutive days with daily maximum temperatures over a threshold value. For example, for a 38C increase in ...
... parameters: the mean, variance, and first-order autocorrelation coefficient. For slight changes in the mean or variance there are increases in the frequency of both single days and runs of 2–5 consecutive days with daily maximum temperatures over a threshold value. For example, for a 38C increase in ...
Recent developments on the South American monsoon system
... The SAMS is part of the monsoon system of the Americas. In the upper troposphere, the wet summer season is characterised by an anticyclonic circulation over Bolivia and a trough over the tropical and sub-tropical South Atlantic, near the coast of Northeast Brazil (Figure 1A). Prominent low-level fea ...
... The SAMS is part of the monsoon system of the Americas. In the upper troposphere, the wet summer season is characterised by an anticyclonic circulation over Bolivia and a trough over the tropical and sub-tropical South Atlantic, near the coast of Northeast Brazil (Figure 1A). Prominent low-level fea ...
Climate Change Adaptation Project Report
... (CBT) to prepare for the local impacts of climate change. The CBT ‘Communities Adapting to Climate Change’ initiative supports community efforts to increase local adaptive capacity and resiliency to climate change. Climate change adaptation is preparing for and responding at the local level to poten ...
... (CBT) to prepare for the local impacts of climate change. The CBT ‘Communities Adapting to Climate Change’ initiative supports community efforts to increase local adaptive capacity and resiliency to climate change. Climate change adaptation is preparing for and responding at the local level to poten ...
engineering challenges for coastal infrastructure/docks with regard
... Boyd (1976) presents a paper summarizing how the air freezing and thawing indices are calculated based on normal monthly temperatures. The freezing/thawing indices are used in foundation design (e.g. assessing frost heave), but can also be used to assess thermal regimes in permafrost conditions by ...
... Boyd (1976) presents a paper summarizing how the air freezing and thawing indices are calculated based on normal monthly temperatures. The freezing/thawing indices are used in foundation design (e.g. assessing frost heave), but can also be used to assess thermal regimes in permafrost conditions by ...
Competition and drought limit the response of water-use
... WUEi and tree growth in water-limited ecosystems, as is the case for Mediterranean mountain forests. Some argue that the hypothesis that the increase in CO2 can offset the impact of a higher degree of stomatal closure due to lower water availability, resulting in no substantial reduction of C gain d ...
... WUEi and tree growth in water-limited ecosystems, as is the case for Mediterranean mountain forests. Some argue that the hypothesis that the increase in CO2 can offset the impact of a higher degree of stomatal closure due to lower water availability, resulting in no substantial reduction of C gain d ...
Climate Models and Their Evaluation
... been developed to investigate issues in past and future climate change that cannot be addressed by comprehensive AOGCMs because of their large computational cost. Owing to the reduced resolution of EMICs and their simplified representation of some physical processes, these models only allow inferenc ...
... been developed to investigate issues in past and future climate change that cannot be addressed by comprehensive AOGCMs because of their large computational cost. Owing to the reduced resolution of EMICs and their simplified representation of some physical processes, these models only allow inferenc ...
Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Areas of the
... areas of ECA, with particular a focus on rising sea levels. Coastal areas are particularly vulnerable because exposure to hazards comes both from the sea and from the land, and because of their high socioeconomic and naturalistic value. These hazards are not limited to climate change. The coasts of ...
... areas of ECA, with particular a focus on rising sea levels. Coastal areas are particularly vulnerable because exposure to hazards comes both from the sea and from the land, and because of their high socioeconomic and naturalistic value. These hazards are not limited to climate change. The coasts of ...
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Increasing Great Lake–Effect
... in lake-effect snowfall may represent a regional-scale manifestation of hemispheric-scale climate change, such as that associated with global warming. This study examines records of snowfall from several lake-effect and non-lake-effect sites throughout most of the twentieth century in order to 1) de ...
... in lake-effect snowfall may represent a regional-scale manifestation of hemispheric-scale climate change, such as that associated with global warming. This study examines records of snowfall from several lake-effect and non-lake-effect sites throughout most of the twentieth century in order to 1) de ...
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE LIMITED
... trend warming over the period 1956 to 2005 was almost twice that for the 100 years from 1906 to 2005. Increases in global temperatures, through thermal expansion and the melting glaciers, are also pushing up sea levels around the world. Global average sea levels rose by about 1.8 mm per year between ...
... trend warming over the period 1956 to 2005 was almost twice that for the 100 years from 1906 to 2005. Increases in global temperatures, through thermal expansion and the melting glaciers, are also pushing up sea levels around the world. Global average sea levels rose by about 1.8 mm per year between ...
IPCC-ar4-wg1-chapter8-ClimateModels.pdf
... differ between models. In the tropics, there has been an overall improvement in the AOGCM simulation of the spatial pattern and frequency of ENSO, but problems remain in simulating its seasonal phase locking and the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña episodes. Variability with some characteristic ...
... differ between models. In the tropics, there has been an overall improvement in the AOGCM simulation of the spatial pattern and frequency of ENSO, but problems remain in simulating its seasonal phase locking and the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña episodes. Variability with some characteristic ...
A few extreme events dominate global interannual variability in
... We intend to identify drivers that possibly caused negative extreme events in GPP. To this end, for a certain negative GPP extreme event we compute the median of a driver variable over the spatiotemporal domain of the event. By shifting the event in time and computing such medians for each possible ...
... We intend to identify drivers that possibly caused negative extreme events in GPP. To this end, for a certain negative GPP extreme event we compute the median of a driver variable over the spatiotemporal domain of the event. By shifting the event in time and computing such medians for each possible ...
T M Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy Overview of Core Issues
... Ecosystems are components of biodiversity; and species and their diversity are essential components within ecosystems. Each species, and therefore biodiversity, has a fundamental role in the provision of ecosystem services (see Appendix 1). The loss of biodiversity will lead to a change in the servi ...
... Ecosystems are components of biodiversity; and species and their diversity are essential components within ecosystems. Each species, and therefore biodiversity, has a fundamental role in the provision of ecosystem services (see Appendix 1). The loss of biodiversity will lead to a change in the servi ...
Final CHNEP Vulnerability Assessment.indd
... added to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, oil and gasoline to power cars, factories, utilities and appliances. The added gases—primarily carbon dioxide and methane—are enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and likely contributing t ...
... added to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, oil and gasoline to power cars, factories, utilities and appliances. The added gases—primarily carbon dioxide and methane—are enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and likely contributing t ...
SOCIO-ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE Impact on
... to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC, 2007]. Global warming has caused greater climatic volatility—such as changes in precipitation patterns and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events—and has led to a rise in mean global sea levels. It is widely believed that c ...
... to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC, 2007]. Global warming has caused greater climatic volatility—such as changes in precipitation patterns and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events—and has led to a rise in mean global sea levels. It is widely believed that c ...
1.3 Verb-based nominalizations
... “The poor are always with us, in this sentence the adjective poor has been nominalized into a noun without any transformations of the word” (ibid.205). Consider these given examples: He is so vain and He is full of vanity. In the first sample the word vain is an adjective while in the second example ...
... “The poor are always with us, in this sentence the adjective poor has been nominalized into a noun without any transformations of the word” (ibid.205). Consider these given examples: He is so vain and He is full of vanity. In the first sample the word vain is an adjective while in the second example ...
Climate change adaptation plan for the
... confirmed by the scientific community, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This changing climate is already being felt by the agglomeration of Montréal. The heat waves, floods and freezing rains recorded in recent years, which have resulted in many material and financial ...
... confirmed by the scientific community, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). This changing climate is already being felt by the agglomeration of Montréal. The heat waves, floods and freezing rains recorded in recent years, which have resulted in many material and financial ...
Climate projections FAQ - Eastern Forest Environmental Threat
... partnerships with research institutions, other agencies, and contractors. (back) 2. How might climate change projections be used in management, decision-making, and planning processes? Many management decisions in the Forest Service, such as identifying priority restoration actions and locations, ...
... partnerships with research institutions, other agencies, and contractors. (back) 2. How might climate change projections be used in management, decision-making, and planning processes? Many management decisions in the Forest Service, such as identifying priority restoration actions and locations, ...
Primer on Hydrofluorocarbons
... A fast phasedown of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol by 2020 would prevent up to 200 billion tonnes (Gt) of CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions by 2050,4 and avoid up to 0.5°C warming by 2100, using a treaty that requires developed countries to act first, provides implementation assistance to developi ...
... A fast phasedown of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol by 2020 would prevent up to 200 billion tonnes (Gt) of CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions by 2050,4 and avoid up to 0.5°C warming by 2100, using a treaty that requires developed countries to act first, provides implementation assistance to developi ...
Taxing Carbon as an Instrument of Green Industrial Policy in
... requires economic growth in most of these countries – few, if any, can achieve this through mere redistributional measures. Growth, if inclusive, can indeed be very effective in reducing poverty. Over the past 20 years, per capita incomes in developing countries have increased by 80 per cent, and mo ...
... requires economic growth in most of these countries – few, if any, can achieve this through mere redistributional measures. Growth, if inclusive, can indeed be very effective in reducing poverty. Over the past 20 years, per capita incomes in developing countries have increased by 80 per cent, and mo ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""