Stochastic species distributions are driven by organism size
... distributed within our study area. This is mainly due to practical reasons, i.e., planktonic samples including bacteria were sampled near biological stations in order to preserve the samples properly in freezers. The study lakes were, however, highly representative of the variability in water chemis ...
... distributed within our study area. This is mainly due to practical reasons, i.e., planktonic samples including bacteria were sampled near biological stations in order to preserve the samples properly in freezers. The study lakes were, however, highly representative of the variability in water chemis ...
GABA Receptors: Subtypes, Regional Distribution, and Function
... amma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most widely distributed inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS).1 As such, GABA limits the excitability of neuronal activity in all areas of the brain.2 Excessive GABAergic signaling results in sedation, amnesia, and ataxia, whereas the mi ...
... amma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most widely distributed inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS).1 As such, GABA limits the excitability of neuronal activity in all areas of the brain.2 Excessive GABAergic signaling results in sedation, amnesia, and ataxia, whereas the mi ...
Hyperlipidemias
... Drug interactions: these drugs increase warfarin levels; on the other hand enzyme inhibitors increase the risk of hepatotoxicity because they increase statins level. Statins are contraindicated during pregnancy, nursing mothers and in children. ...
... Drug interactions: these drugs increase warfarin levels; on the other hand enzyme inhibitors increase the risk of hepatotoxicity because they increase statins level. Statins are contraindicated during pregnancy, nursing mothers and in children. ...
The Neuropharmacology of Drugs of Abuse
... directly related to the reinforcing properties of a drug, while others are related to other effects associated with the drug. As in other areas of neuroscience, the level of understanding about these interactions and the mechanisms involved has increased tremendously over the last decade. The fundam ...
... directly related to the reinforcing properties of a drug, while others are related to other effects associated with the drug. As in other areas of neuroscience, the level of understanding about these interactions and the mechanisms involved has increased tremendously over the last decade. The fundam ...
HU 210: A Potent Tool for Investigations of the Cannabinoid System
... (36,53) as it was for most of the pharmacological effects of CBs (29,122). Acute, but not subchronic (once daily for 7 days), administration of HU 210 potently counteracted acute and subchronic cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and enhanced rearing (36). Similarly, the CB agonist, when acutely injecte ...
... (36,53) as it was for most of the pharmacological effects of CBs (29,122). Acute, but not subchronic (once daily for 7 days), administration of HU 210 potently counteracted acute and subchronic cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion and enhanced rearing (36). Similarly, the CB agonist, when acutely injecte ...
Preston et al. 2012 comm invasions
... While many invasion biology studies focus on interactions between a single invader and a single native species, there is a growing need to address the net consequences of multiple invasions within a community context (Olden and Poff 2003). Continued homogenization of the planet’s biota has increased ...
... While many invasion biology studies focus on interactions between a single invader and a single native species, there is a growing need to address the net consequences of multiple invasions within a community context (Olden and Poff 2003). Continued homogenization of the planet’s biota has increased ...
ANISOCHILUS CARNOSUS TETRA CHLORIDE –INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS Full Proceeding Paper
... significant reduction in the glycogen synthesis in the disease control group of the present study. A marked increase in the glycogen stores of the liver was noticed in the animals treated with the plant extracts (Table 3). The increase in the glycogen stores may be due to the capacity of the plants ...
... significant reduction in the glycogen synthesis in the disease control group of the present study. A marked increase in the glycogen stores of the liver was noticed in the animals treated with the plant extracts (Table 3). The increase in the glycogen stores may be due to the capacity of the plants ...
Pollutants in food chains: impacts on birds
... the world after the second World War. Eighteen years of intensive study in Sussex, England were summarised and world wide trends in their populations were analysed in a book by GR Potts (1986). The causes are tied up with changes in agriculture in general, not just with the use of a specific herbici ...
... the world after the second World War. Eighteen years of intensive study in Sussex, England were summarised and world wide trends in their populations were analysed in a book by GR Potts (1986). The causes are tied up with changes in agriculture in general, not just with the use of a specific herbici ...
Drugs for Bacterial Infections
... Action : Binds reversibly to muscarinic cholinergic receptors and causes activation, the principal structures affected by muscarinic activation are the heart, exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and eye At the heart : Causes Bradycardia At Exocrine Glands : Causes increase sweat, salivation, bronchial ...
... Action : Binds reversibly to muscarinic cholinergic receptors and causes activation, the principal structures affected by muscarinic activation are the heart, exocrine glands, smooth muscles, and eye At the heart : Causes Bradycardia At Exocrine Glands : Causes increase sweat, salivation, bronchial ...
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging: A Quantitative Biomarker in
... the plasma. This curve of radioactivity concentration in the plasma over time, serves as the “input function” to the target organ and allows us to ignore the uptake and clearance of the radiotracer elsewhere. Thus, with the input function curve and each tissue time-activity curve (TAC), various comp ...
... the plasma. This curve of radioactivity concentration in the plasma over time, serves as the “input function” to the target organ and allows us to ignore the uptake and clearance of the radiotracer elsewhere. Thus, with the input function curve and each tissue time-activity curve (TAC), various comp ...
Ref: Choudhury et al
... significant reduction in malondialdehyde formation, reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion and ...
... significant reduction in malondialdehyde formation, reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion and ...
Pharmacological
... Biochemical antagonism – phenytoin (induces CYP3A4) increases metabolism of gleevec, decreases its biological effect (decreases biological inhibition) o Synergism – monoamine oxidase inhibitors increase tyramine effect, increasing catecholamine release from synaptic vesicles (for treatment of depres ...
... Biochemical antagonism – phenytoin (induces CYP3A4) increases metabolism of gleevec, decreases its biological effect (decreases biological inhibition) o Synergism – monoamine oxidase inhibitors increase tyramine effect, increasing catecholamine release from synaptic vesicles (for treatment of depres ...
Natural History and the Necessity of the Organism1
... models have been widely reported. Stephens and Krebs (1987) and Schoener (1987) compiled these papers in order to evaluate the testability and current status of optimal foraging as an explanatory and predictive theory. Both concluded that about 80% of the studies resulted in at least partial support ...
... models have been widely reported. Stephens and Krebs (1987) and Schoener (1987) compiled these papers in order to evaluate the testability and current status of optimal foraging as an explanatory and predictive theory. Both concluded that about 80% of the studies resulted in at least partial support ...
Ganglionic Blocking Drugs and Nicotine
... time of drug administration. For instance, patients with normal cardiac function may have their cardiac output diminished after ganglionic blockade, while patients in cardiac failure often respond to ganglionic blockade with an increase in cardiac output. To date, it has not been possible to develop ...
... time of drug administration. For instance, patients with normal cardiac function may have their cardiac output diminished after ganglionic blockade, while patients in cardiac failure often respond to ganglionic blockade with an increase in cardiac output. To date, it has not been possible to develop ...
Chapter 8 Cholinoceptor
... and venomotor tone, and decrease of the blood pressure, because both peripheral vascular resistance and venous return are decreased. Hypotension is especially marked in the upright position, because postural reflexes are blocked. Cardiac effects include diminished contractility and, because the sino ...
... and venomotor tone, and decrease of the blood pressure, because both peripheral vascular resistance and venous return are decreased. Hypotension is especially marked in the upright position, because postural reflexes are blocked. Cardiac effects include diminished contractility and, because the sino ...
Sona Liver_3
... Amino acids contain nitrogen in their amino group Excess amino acids have their amino group removed forming ammonia and organic acid (keto acid) - this process is called deamination The keto acid can be respired to give ATP or converted to carbohydrates and fats ...
... Amino acids contain nitrogen in their amino group Excess amino acids have their amino group removed forming ammonia and organic acid (keto acid) - this process is called deamination The keto acid can be respired to give ATP or converted to carbohydrates and fats ...
Control Mechanisms of the GI Tract
... • Antisialogues – Drugs that decrease salivary flow – Used to limit the flow of excess saliva, which often occurs secondary to anesthetic drug use • Examples include anticholinergics such as glycopyrrolate and atropine ...
... • Antisialogues – Drugs that decrease salivary flow – Used to limit the flow of excess saliva, which often occurs secondary to anesthetic drug use • Examples include anticholinergics such as glycopyrrolate and atropine ...
Hepatotoxicity by Acetaminophen and Amiodarone in
... compared to human.1,2 The size, embryonic and larval development gives additional advantages over other in vitro and mammalian model. Zebrafish embryos are transparent so it is very easy to observe organ development. The size of embryos is very small which enable to put the larvae in a petriplates a ...
... compared to human.1,2 The size, embryonic and larval development gives additional advantages over other in vitro and mammalian model. Zebrafish embryos are transparent so it is very easy to observe organ development. The size of embryos is very small which enable to put the larvae in a petriplates a ...
Are multispecies models an improvement on single
... We review the application of multispecies models as tools for evaluating impacts of fishing on marine communities. Four types of model are identified: descriptive multispecies, dynamic multispecies, aggregate system, and dynamic system models. The strengths and weaknesses of multispecies models and ...
... We review the application of multispecies models as tools for evaluating impacts of fishing on marine communities. Four types of model are identified: descriptive multispecies, dynamic multispecies, aggregate system, and dynamic system models. The strengths and weaknesses of multispecies models and ...
Advances in molecular modeling and docking as a tool for modern
... 2.1.2.MACROMOLECULAR (TARGET) MODELING (HOMOLOGY MODELING) The prediction of the 3D structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence remains a basic scientific problem. This can often achieved using different types of approaches and the first and most accurate approach is “comparative” or “homolo ...
... 2.1.2.MACROMOLECULAR (TARGET) MODELING (HOMOLOGY MODELING) The prediction of the 3D structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence remains a basic scientific problem. This can often achieved using different types of approaches and the first and most accurate approach is “comparative” or “homolo ...
Predictive modelling polychaeta
... culated. Most indicators were based on a two by two contingency table containing the number of True Positive (TP), False Negative (FN), True Negative (TN) and False Positive (FP) predictions. The overall percent of correct predictions is expressed as Correctly Classified Instances (CCI) = (TP + TN)/( ...
... culated. Most indicators were based on a two by two contingency table containing the number of True Positive (TP), False Negative (FN), True Negative (TN) and False Positive (FP) predictions. The overall percent of correct predictions is expressed as Correctly Classified Instances (CCI) = (TP + TN)/( ...
mind altering… synthetic (designer) and naturally occuring
... overactive bladder, and other symptoms. Sativex is also being prescribed to alleviate pain due to cancer and has been researched in various models of peripheral and central neuropathic pain. Sativex is distinct from all other pharmaceutically produced cannabinoids currently available because it is d ...
... overactive bladder, and other symptoms. Sativex is also being prescribed to alleviate pain due to cancer and has been researched in various models of peripheral and central neuropathic pain. Sativex is distinct from all other pharmaceutically produced cannabinoids currently available because it is d ...
Synergistic Interaction between the Two Mechanisms of Action of
... Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org. doi:10.1124/jpet.110.175042. ...
... Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org. doi:10.1124/jpet.110.175042. ...
alkylating agent
... then rejoin following passage of other DNA strand through break (in S - phase, topoisomerase I - induced, not promptly resealed breaks lead to progress of replication fork off end of DNA strand → DNA damage is potent signal for induction of apoptosis); ...
... then rejoin following passage of other DNA strand through break (in S - phase, topoisomerase I - induced, not promptly resealed breaks lead to progress of replication fork off end of DNA strand → DNA damage is potent signal for induction of apoptosis); ...
Toxicodynamics
Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.