
Functional assays for screening GPCR targets
... species (PI, PIP and PIP2) to form inositol phosphates (IP, IP2 and IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC). These ultimately lead to increases in levels of intracellular calcium and activation of PKC, as well as other calcium-dependent proteins. The main effector syste ...
... species (PI, PIP and PIP2) to form inositol phosphates (IP, IP2 and IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator of protein kinase C (PKC). These ultimately lead to increases in levels of intracellular calcium and activation of PKC, as well as other calcium-dependent proteins. The main effector syste ...
rtf - PAGE meetings
... the correctness of the model assumptions. The strict regulatory standards applied during phase III favor the use of analysis methods which are assumption-free, but often less powerful. The objective behind the present work was to use an NLME analysis in a pivotal phase III setting, to take full adva ...
... the correctness of the model assumptions. The strict regulatory standards applied during phase III favor the use of analysis methods which are assumption-free, but often less powerful. The objective behind the present work was to use an NLME analysis in a pivotal phase III setting, to take full adva ...
Chaos and closure terms in plankton food chain models
... in parameter space (Figure 2a and b). This allowed us to examine the results of changing density dependence unconfounded by changes in total mortality. The results in Figure 1 suggest a complex pattern of changes, from strange attractors to limit cycles and back again, as the closure terms are varie ...
... in parameter space (Figure 2a and b). This allowed us to examine the results of changing density dependence unconfounded by changes in total mortality. The results in Figure 1 suggest a complex pattern of changes, from strange attractors to limit cycles and back again, as the closure terms are varie ...
Dexmedetomidine: A Useful Adjunct to Consider in Some High Risk
... administration of DEX for patients after laparoscopic tubal ligation and cardiac surgical procedures. These findings were significant to care of the ICU patient because opioid-sparing effects may result in a shorter time to extubation.9 Multiple studies have demonstrated that DEX possesses important ...
... administration of DEX for patients after laparoscopic tubal ligation and cardiac surgical procedures. These findings were significant to care of the ICU patient because opioid-sparing effects may result in a shorter time to extubation.9 Multiple studies have demonstrated that DEX possesses important ...
Clinical Toxidromes
... by depression – Mild cognitive impairment – seizures and coma – Fragmented mumbled speech – Hallucinations – Picking at clothes, in the air or bed sheets – Tremor, ataxia and clonic movements may occur ...
... by depression – Mild cognitive impairment – seizures and coma – Fragmented mumbled speech – Hallucinations – Picking at clothes, in the air or bed sheets – Tremor, ataxia and clonic movements may occur ...
Theme 2 – Scientific Highlight
... A Beesley, DM Lowe, C Pascoe & S Widdicombe. In press. Impact of CO2 induced seawater acidification on the health of Mytilus edulis. Climate Change R Bibby, S Widdicombe, H Parry, JI Spicer & R Pipe. 2008. Impact of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquati ...
... A Beesley, DM Lowe, C Pascoe & S Widdicombe. In press. Impact of CO2 induced seawater acidification on the health of Mytilus edulis. Climate Change R Bibby, S Widdicombe, H Parry, JI Spicer & R Pipe. 2008. Impact of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquati ...
Psychopharmacology
... • Diffuse to nearby GABAergic interneurons and inhibit them • Inhibition of GABA release allows the pyramidal cells to fire more rapidly – Inhibition of inhibition = excitation ...
... • Diffuse to nearby GABAergic interneurons and inhibit them • Inhibition of GABA release allows the pyramidal cells to fire more rapidly – Inhibition of inhibition = excitation ...
Inhalant Abuse in Adolescents
... Acute Effects of Hallucinogens PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: Increased blood pressure and heart rate ...
... Acute Effects of Hallucinogens PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS: Increased blood pressure and heart rate ...
Pellow, S., File, S.E. (1986). Anxiolytic and anxiogenic drug effects
... Introduction: Anxiety is among the most common and most treatable mental disorders. Adrenergic and cannabinoid systems have an important role in the neurobiology of anxiety. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) has broadly been used to investigate anxiolytic and anxiogenic compounds. The present study inves ...
... Introduction: Anxiety is among the most common and most treatable mental disorders. Adrenergic and cannabinoid systems have an important role in the neurobiology of anxiety. The elevated plus-maze (EPM) has broadly been used to investigate anxiolytic and anxiogenic compounds. The present study inves ...
1. Immediate 2. Delayed 3. Cumulative
... concentration in plasma (Cp) can be used to predict the average concentration in all the other tissues of the body (Ct). Note that Ct is not specific for any particular organ or tissue so it is not likely to reflect the distribution and equilibration at the site of action. This figure shows the time ...
... concentration in plasma (Cp) can be used to predict the average concentration in all the other tissues of the body (Ct). Note that Ct is not specific for any particular organ or tissue so it is not likely to reflect the distribution and equilibration at the site of action. This figure shows the time ...
Food Web Network Structure
... Æ Introduces an extra model parameter. However, its total likelihood is still comparable to other models, which now also include a 3rd parameter to reflect the random graph component. ...
... Æ Introduces an extra model parameter. However, its total likelihood is still comparable to other models, which now also include a 3rd parameter to reflect the random graph component. ...
Dr. Amani A. Noory Khartoum, Sudan
... mg per day) in essential hypertension Preferably should be used with a potassium sparing diuretic as first choice in elderly If therapy fails – another antihypertensive but do not increase the thiazide dose Loop diuretics are to be given when there is severe hypertension with retention of body ...
... mg per day) in essential hypertension Preferably should be used with a potassium sparing diuretic as first choice in elderly If therapy fails – another antihypertensive but do not increase the thiazide dose Loop diuretics are to be given when there is severe hypertension with retention of body ...
I. Angina Pectoris
... Peripheral vascular disease can result from vascular spasm or organic vascular damage. In either case the problem is reduced blood supply to areas served by affected vessels. Drugs are more effective in relieving spasm than in cases of vessel damage which may involve thrombosis and occlusion. As wit ...
... Peripheral vascular disease can result from vascular spasm or organic vascular damage. In either case the problem is reduced blood supply to areas served by affected vessels. Drugs are more effective in relieving spasm than in cases of vessel damage which may involve thrombosis and occlusion. As wit ...
TECHNICAL PROFILE OF BROMO
... There have been a number of published studies looking at the pharmacodynamics of Bromo-DragonFLY and related dihydrobenzofuran analogues in a number of in vitro and in vivo animal models [Monte AP 1996, Parker MA 1998, Chambers JJ 2001, May JA 2003]. These studies suggest that Bromo-DragonFLY is the ...
... There have been a number of published studies looking at the pharmacodynamics of Bromo-DragonFLY and related dihydrobenzofuran analogues in a number of in vitro and in vivo animal models [Monte AP 1996, Parker MA 1998, Chambers JJ 2001, May JA 2003]. These studies suggest that Bromo-DragonFLY is the ...
FACT SHEET
... PA has an incredible safety record. The latest studies on BPA show that the chemical passes quickly through the body, doesn’t accumulate, and is excreted quickly, mainly through urine. More importantly, people simply don’t come in contact with high enough levels of BPA through the use of everyday ...
... PA has an incredible safety record. The latest studies on BPA show that the chemical passes quickly through the body, doesn’t accumulate, and is excreted quickly, mainly through urine. More importantly, people simply don’t come in contact with high enough levels of BPA through the use of everyday ...
Dianabol
... can not be blamed for this. It´s when the line is crossed from use into abuse that we see all of these effects as being not only possible but probable. • It is metabolized into estradiol by aromatase. This means that without the administration of aromatase inhibitors such as Anastrozole or Aminoglut ...
... can not be blamed for this. It´s when the line is crossed from use into abuse that we see all of these effects as being not only possible but probable. • It is metabolized into estradiol by aromatase. This means that without the administration of aromatase inhibitors such as Anastrozole or Aminoglut ...
- Opus
... physiological assays. Systemic BU08028 (0.001–0.01 mg/kg) produced potent long-lasting (i.e., >24 h) antinociceptive and antiallodynic effects, which were blocked by MOP or NOP receptor antagonists. More importantly, the reinforcing strength of BU08028 was significantly lower than that of cocaine, r ...
... physiological assays. Systemic BU08028 (0.001–0.01 mg/kg) produced potent long-lasting (i.e., >24 h) antinociceptive and antiallodynic effects, which were blocked by MOP or NOP receptor antagonists. More importantly, the reinforcing strength of BU08028 was significantly lower than that of cocaine, r ...
Antipsychotics
... antipsychotics. Due to excessively rapid blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. The syndrome begins with marked muscle rigidity. If sweating is impaired, a fever may ensue. The stress leukocytosis and high fever associated with this syndrome may be mistaken for an infection. Autonomic instabil ...
... antipsychotics. Due to excessively rapid blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors. The syndrome begins with marked muscle rigidity. If sweating is impaired, a fever may ensue. The stress leukocytosis and high fever associated with this syndrome may be mistaken for an infection. Autonomic instabil ...
narcotics - The Podiatry Institute
... receptofs for these substances. "Narcotic", derived from the Greek word for stupor and at one time applied to any drug that induced sleep, was for a number of years used to refer to morphine-like analgesics. Today, the term narcotic is no longer useful in a pharmacological context. With the advent o ...
... receptofs for these substances. "Narcotic", derived from the Greek word for stupor and at one time applied to any drug that induced sleep, was for a number of years used to refer to morphine-like analgesics. Today, the term narcotic is no longer useful in a pharmacological context. With the advent o ...
Cross-Regional Webinar on Synthetic Cannabinoids
... found in a “fertiliser” product called “Forest Humus”, along with another synthetic cannabinoid (C8)CP 47,497. These claims were confirmed in July 2009 when tests of Spice product, seized after the legal ban on JWH-018 had gone into effect in Germany, were shown to contain the unregulated compound J ...
... found in a “fertiliser” product called “Forest Humus”, along with another synthetic cannabinoid (C8)CP 47,497. These claims were confirmed in July 2009 when tests of Spice product, seized after the legal ban on JWH-018 had gone into effect in Germany, were shown to contain the unregulated compound J ...
753_Module3_KidneyFunction
... Filter 120 ml/min of plasma into nephron (measured by determining creatinine) Only 1% actually ends up in urine ** Something important must be going on ! Three primary roles for kidneys 1. Excrete metabolic end products and toxins 2. Control concentrations of body fluid constituents (Na, K, Ca, Mg, ...
... Filter 120 ml/min of plasma into nephron (measured by determining creatinine) Only 1% actually ends up in urine ** Something important must be going on ! Three primary roles for kidneys 1. Excrete metabolic end products and toxins 2. Control concentrations of body fluid constituents (Na, K, Ca, Mg, ...
Success and its limits among structural models of complex food webs
... is equivalent to the generalized cascade model described below. Formally, the maximum possible width of the feeding range is rimax = min(ni + g ri/2, 1). The ‘relaxed’ feeding range rirel = rimax – g(rmax – ri) is a linear function of g, the original ri, and rimax. The probability of species i consu ...
... is equivalent to the generalized cascade model described below. Formally, the maximum possible width of the feeding range is rimax = min(ni + g ri/2, 1). The ‘relaxed’ feeding range rirel = rimax – g(rmax – ri) is a linear function of g, the original ri, and rimax. The probability of species i consu ...
Toxicodynamics

Toxicodynamics, termed pharmacodynamics in pharmacology, describes the dynamic interactions of a toxicant with a biological target and its biological effects. A biological target, also known as the site of action, can be binding proteins, ion channels, DNA, or a variety of other receptors. When a toxicant enters an organism, it can interact with these receptors and produce structural or functional alterations. The mechanism of action of the toxicant, as determined by a toxicant’s chemical properties, will determine what receptors are targeted and the overall toxic effect at the cellular level and organismal level.Toxicants have been grouped together according to their chemical properties by way of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), which allows prediction of toxic action based on these properties. endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and carcinogens are examples of classes of toxicants that can act as QSARs. EDCs mimic or block transcriptional activation normally caused by natural steroid hormones. These types of chemicals can act on androgen receptors, estrogen receptors and thyroid hormone receptors. This mechanism can include such toxicants as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Another class of chemicals, carcinogens, are substances that cause cancer and can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic carcinogens. These categories include toxicants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The process of toxicodynamics can be useful for application in environmental risk assessment by implementing toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) models. TKTD models include phenomenas such as time-varying exposure, carry-over toxicity, organism recovery time, effects of mixtures, and extrapolation to untested chemicals and species. Due to their advantages, these types of models may be more applicable for risk assessment than traditional modeling approaches.