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Mutualism between Thisbe irenea butterflies and
... wasps the following experiments were performed. Two potted C. billbergianus saplings of approximately the same size, condition and number of leaves were ringed 12 cm from their bases with Tanglefoot, and placed in an area patrolled heavily by foraging vespine wasps ( = the Clearing Site). One plant ...
... wasps the following experiments were performed. Two potted C. billbergianus saplings of approximately the same size, condition and number of leaves were ringed 12 cm from their bases with Tanglefoot, and placed in an area patrolled heavily by foraging vespine wasps ( = the Clearing Site). One plant ...
Grasshoppers: Life Cycle, Damage Asessment and Management
... conditions. This fungus may occasionally reach epidemic proportions. The disease leaves the corpses of its victims clinging to the stems of plants. The microsporidian parasite, Nosema locustae, is an effective enemy of grasshoppers. A grasshopper becomes infected if it eats contaminated vegetation o ...
... conditions. This fungus may occasionally reach epidemic proportions. The disease leaves the corpses of its victims clinging to the stems of plants. The microsporidian parasite, Nosema locustae, is an effective enemy of grasshoppers. A grasshopper becomes infected if it eats contaminated vegetation o ...
Biological control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) by the
... morphological traits. The J3 individuals no longer feed but continue to develop through the J4 stage into adults, typically in 4-6 days. The life cycle is completed when the adult female lays her own eggs and the process is repeated several times during a cropping period depending on host species, e ...
... morphological traits. The J3 individuals no longer feed but continue to develop through the J4 stage into adults, typically in 4-6 days. The life cycle is completed when the adult female lays her own eggs and the process is repeated several times during a cropping period depending on host species, e ...
Frontiers in research on biodiversity and disease
... the scale at which such effects manifest have recently emerged (e.g. Randolph & Dobson 2012; Ostfeld 2013; Ostfeld & Keesing 2013; Wood & Lafferty 2013). In a critique of the dilution effect applied to vector-borne infections, Randolph & Dobson (2012) argued that dilution effects may occur in some s ...
... the scale at which such effects manifest have recently emerged (e.g. Randolph & Dobson 2012; Ostfeld 2013; Ostfeld & Keesing 2013; Wood & Lafferty 2013). In a critique of the dilution effect applied to vector-borne infections, Randolph & Dobson (2012) argued that dilution effects may occur in some s ...
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) as one of the most important insects
... tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. This insect lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cacti. The insect produces carminic acid which deters predation by other insects. Carminic acid can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make the ...
... tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. This insect lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cacti. The insect produces carminic acid which deters predation by other insects. Carminic acid can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make the ...
Cohabitation promotes high diversity of clownfishes in the Coral
... Through mechanisms such as niche differentiation [3], including social and behavioural specializations [4] and resource partitioning (e.g. space and habitat use), coexistence of different species can occur [5]. Despite extensive studies into the variation in physiological, morphological and demograp ...
... Through mechanisms such as niche differentiation [3], including social and behavioural specializations [4] and resource partitioning (e.g. space and habitat use), coexistence of different species can occur [5]. Despite extensive studies into the variation in physiological, morphological and demograp ...
Effects of Competition on Ambystoma Salamander Larvae
... Aggression is a form of direct interference within a species Increases the survival and nutrient uptake of one individual Reduces growth rate of smaller individuals Observed most at feeding time Two types… Lunge- advancement towards another individual Bite- open mouth grabbing of another individ ...
... Aggression is a form of direct interference within a species Increases the survival and nutrient uptake of one individual Reduces growth rate of smaller individuals Observed most at feeding time Two types… Lunge- advancement towards another individual Bite- open mouth grabbing of another individ ...
Ecology of Herbivorous Arthropods in Urban Landscapes
... diet (2, 70, 107, 145). Moreover, specialist herbivores from the endemic range of exotic plants have often been cointroduced with their host into new regions and have become key pests. The azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides, and the euonymus scale, Unaspis euonymi, are prominent examples. Invasi ...
... diet (2, 70, 107, 145). Moreover, specialist herbivores from the endemic range of exotic plants have often been cointroduced with their host into new regions and have become key pests. The azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides, and the euonymus scale, Unaspis euonymi, are prominent examples. Invasi ...
anemone Anemonia sulcata.
... were just too exposed to allow proper shelter for decapod crustaceans which used the snakelock anemone as a “last resort”. The presence of only juvenile P. (N.) puber in association with A. sulcata reinforces the role that the sea anemone may play in predator avoidance, since it would be just too sm ...
... were just too exposed to allow proper shelter for decapod crustaceans which used the snakelock anemone as a “last resort”. The presence of only juvenile P. (N.) puber in association with A. sulcata reinforces the role that the sea anemone may play in predator avoidance, since it would be just too sm ...
This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may
... Abstract. Interactions between invasive and native species are often modified by parasites. One littlestudied scenario is that invasive species affect parasite transmission to native hosts by altering the relative abundance of hosts needed in parasite life cycles, for example by predation on these h ...
... Abstract. Interactions between invasive and native species are often modified by parasites. One littlestudied scenario is that invasive species affect parasite transmission to native hosts by altering the relative abundance of hosts needed in parasite life cycles, for example by predation on these h ...
Reciprocal Trophic Interactions and Transmission of Blood Parasites
... mosquitoes near or on the body of a frog may promote defensive or avoidance behaviour, including stomping of feet, jumping, and brushing of feet over back and head [5]. The mosquito must avoid this defensive behaviour, as well as death by consumption, while attempting to obtain a blood meal. This in ...
... mosquitoes near or on the body of a frog may promote defensive or avoidance behaviour, including stomping of feet, jumping, and brushing of feet over back and head [5]. The mosquito must avoid this defensive behaviour, as well as death by consumption, while attempting to obtain a blood meal. This in ...
按一下以新增標題
... The fundamental similarity between predators, grazers and parasites is that each, in obtaining the resources it needs, reduces either the fecundity or the chances of survival of individual prey and may therefore reduce prey abundance. When the sand-dune willow was grazed by a flea beetle in two sepa ...
... The fundamental similarity between predators, grazers and parasites is that each, in obtaining the resources it needs, reduces either the fecundity or the chances of survival of individual prey and may therefore reduce prey abundance. When the sand-dune willow was grazed by a flea beetle in two sepa ...
A hierarchical framework to investigate epiphyte assemblages
... epiphyte species and host tree species can be viewed as bipartite networks, similar to pollination and seed dispersal networks. On a finer scale, epiphyte communities on individual host trees can be viewed as meta-communities, or suites of local epiphyte communities connected by dispersal. Similar an ...
... epiphyte species and host tree species can be viewed as bipartite networks, similar to pollination and seed dispersal networks. On a finer scale, epiphyte communities on individual host trees can be viewed as meta-communities, or suites of local epiphyte communities connected by dispersal. Similar an ...
Behaviour of a social ant-like spider
... Author for correspondence: [email protected]. Abstract Myrmarachne melanotarsa, an ant-like jumping spider (Salticidae) from East Africa, is an accurate mimic of Crematogaster sp. and associates unusually closely with its models. M. melanotarsa is remarkable in that it forms dense aggr ...
... Author for correspondence: [email protected]. Abstract Myrmarachne melanotarsa, an ant-like jumping spider (Salticidae) from East Africa, is an accurate mimic of Crematogaster sp. and associates unusually closely with its models. M. melanotarsa is remarkable in that it forms dense aggr ...
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... Efforts to achieve pest control by high levels of plant resistance alone may prove counterproductive if significant energy or other resources are diverted by the plant, since they cannot then be used for growth or reproduction. Thus, van Emden (1991) quotes data on 31 pigeon pea varieties screened a ...
... Efforts to achieve pest control by high levels of plant resistance alone may prove counterproductive if significant energy or other resources are diverted by the plant, since they cannot then be used for growth or reproduction. Thus, van Emden (1991) quotes data on 31 pigeon pea varieties screened a ...
Vermont Vegetable and Berry News – March 26, 2008
... that essentially consist of seedlings of a cereal species like rye. These seedlings are host to cereal aphid species that do not attack non-cereal crops, and the cereal aphids in turn are hosts or food for the parasitic wasps. Research indicates that for optimum results, evenly distribute banker pla ...
... that essentially consist of seedlings of a cereal species like rye. These seedlings are host to cereal aphid species that do not attack non-cereal crops, and the cereal aphids in turn are hosts or food for the parasitic wasps. Research indicates that for optimum results, evenly distribute banker pla ...
TITLE: Do nest size and shape characteristics affect nest parasitism
... The survival strategy of obligate brood parasitic birds like the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is to lay their eggs in nests of host species and therefore avoid most of the reproductive costs required for raising chicks. Costs transferred to host species include the energy normally required ...
... The survival strategy of obligate brood parasitic birds like the Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is to lay their eggs in nests of host species and therefore avoid most of the reproductive costs required for raising chicks. Costs transferred to host species include the energy normally required ...
Decoys in Predation and Parasitism
... (Pius and Leberg 1998), or information parasitism, where a species may benefit from the alarm raised by others (Nuechterlein 1981), and the decoy effect (Christensen et al. 1976; Vos et al. 2001; Wilkinson, 2001), which itself can take a variety of forms. In its simplest form, the third species, whi ...
... (Pius and Leberg 1998), or information parasitism, where a species may benefit from the alarm raised by others (Nuechterlein 1981), and the decoy effect (Christensen et al. 1976; Vos et al. 2001; Wilkinson, 2001), which itself can take a variety of forms. In its simplest form, the third species, whi ...
botfly parasitism effects on nestling growth and mortality of red
... botfly species have subcutaneous larvae (Couri et al. 2005) and nestlings can be parasitized as soon as they hatch (Arendt 1985b; Delannoy and Cruz 1988, 1991; Spalding et al. 2002; Rabuffetti and Reboreda 2007). Botfly larvae feed on red blood cells (Uhazy and Arendt 1986) and remain in nestlings f ...
... botfly species have subcutaneous larvae (Couri et al. 2005) and nestlings can be parasitized as soon as they hatch (Arendt 1985b; Delannoy and Cruz 1988, 1991; Spalding et al. 2002; Rabuffetti and Reboreda 2007). Botfly larvae feed on red blood cells (Uhazy and Arendt 1986) and remain in nestlings f ...
Host-plant species modifies the diet of an omnivore feeding on three
... treatments (undamaged, damaged and damaged without web) using a two-way MANOVA, with plant species and treatment as main effects, and predation on eggs of predatory mites and eggs of spider mites as the dependent variables. The initial number of eggs per species was introduced as a covariable, but i ...
... treatments (undamaged, damaged and damaged without web) using a two-way MANOVA, with plant species and treatment as main effects, and predation on eggs of predatory mites and eggs of spider mites as the dependent variables. The initial number of eggs per species was introduced as a covariable, but i ...
Parasite Abundance and Color-Biased Predation of Fiddler Crabs
... Parasitism can be broadly defined as a close relationship in which an organism feeds dependently on a living host without death to the host (Gunn and Pitt 2012). Nearly 50% of animal species can be classified as parasites and almost 20% of all animal species are parasites that directly live in or on ...
... Parasitism can be broadly defined as a close relationship in which an organism feeds dependently on a living host without death to the host (Gunn and Pitt 2012). Nearly 50% of animal species can be classified as parasites and almost 20% of all animal species are parasites that directly live in or on ...
The Biology of Striga, Orobanche, and other Root
... species of Striga and Orobanche require a host root within a few millimeters for germination. O. ludoviciana (187), Aeginetia indica [Orobanchaceae, (92) but see (50)], s. densiflora (67), and S. euphrasioides (181) apparently do not need any host root exudate for germination. Light may inhibit germ ...
... species of Striga and Orobanche require a host root within a few millimeters for germination. O. ludoviciana (187), Aeginetia indica [Orobanchaceae, (92) but see (50)], s. densiflora (67), and S. euphrasioides (181) apparently do not need any host root exudate for germination. Light may inhibit germ ...
Dragonflies of the - Science Outreach Athabasca
... and hind wings and the damselflies (Zygoptera) with similar fore and hind wings. Most Alberta forms came from the south after the glacial retreat about 10,000 years ago. ...
... and hind wings and the damselflies (Zygoptera) with similar fore and hind wings. Most Alberta forms came from the south after the glacial retreat about 10,000 years ago. ...
Mass rearing the endangered Palos Verdes blue butterfly
... Although all butterflies are amenable to captive rearing, including the usually difficult problem of inducing mating, large scale production is not in place. Butterfly farming for butterfly houses, production of specimens for release at special events, and educational use for hands-on student observ ...
... Although all butterflies are amenable to captive rearing, including the usually difficult problem of inducing mating, large scale production is not in place. Butterfly farming for butterfly houses, production of specimens for release at special events, and educational use for hands-on student observ ...
Parasitoid
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Collinia_sp.jpg?width=300)
A parasitoid is an organism that spends a significant portion of its life history attached to or within a single host organism in a relationship that is in essence parasitic; unlike a true parasite, however, it ultimately sterilises or kills, and sometimes consumes, the host. Thus parasitoids are similar to typical parasites except in the more dire prognosis for the host.