Emerging zoonotic viruses: What characterizes them and what
... concentrated on emerging human diseases, but the concept of pathogen emergence is also becoming increasingly recognized as threats to domestic animals and wildlife (Cleaveland et al., 2001; Woolhouse, 2002). Approximately one eight of the currently known human pathogens are classified as emerging, w ...
... concentrated on emerging human diseases, but the concept of pathogen emergence is also becoming increasingly recognized as threats to domestic animals and wildlife (Cleaveland et al., 2001; Woolhouse, 2002). Approximately one eight of the currently known human pathogens are classified as emerging, w ...
Hand-Foot and Mouth Dısease and Reactıve Arthritis
... Although reactive arthritis may occur after viral infections, it has been thought that articular manifestations may be the result of a real viral intra-articular infection rather than representing post-infectious response. Likewise, antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) type immune complexes were isolated from s ...
... Although reactive arthritis may occur after viral infections, it has been thought that articular manifestations may be the result of a real viral intra-articular infection rather than representing post-infectious response. Likewise, antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) type immune complexes were isolated from s ...
6 Infectious Bursal Disease
... Antigenicity. McFerran et al. (115), in Northern Ireland, were the first to report antigenic variations among IBDV isolates of European origin. They presented evidence for the existence of two serotypes, designated 1 and 2, and showed only 30% relatedness between several strains of serotype 1 and th ...
... Antigenicity. McFerran et al. (115), in Northern Ireland, were the first to report antigenic variations among IBDV isolates of European origin. They presented evidence for the existence of two serotypes, designated 1 and 2, and showed only 30% relatedness between several strains of serotype 1 and th ...
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
... receptor-binding site configuration is different for those influenza viruses adapted to infect birds and those adapted to infect humans. Influenza virus strains adapted to birds preferentially bind sialic acid receptors with α (2–3) linked sugars (27–29). Human-adapted influenza viruses are thought ...
... receptor-binding site configuration is different for those influenza viruses adapted to infect birds and those adapted to infect humans. Influenza virus strains adapted to birds preferentially bind sialic acid receptors with α (2–3) linked sugars (27–29). Human-adapted influenza viruses are thought ...
Avian infectious bronchitis virus
... Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is prevalent in all countries w i t h an intensive poultry industry, w i t h the incidence of infection approaching 100% in most locations. Vaccination is only partially successful due to the continual e m e r g e n c e of antigenic variants. A t many sites, multipl ...
... Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is prevalent in all countries w i t h an intensive poultry industry, w i t h the incidence of infection approaching 100% in most locations. Vaccination is only partially successful due to the continual e m e r g e n c e of antigenic variants. A t many sites, multipl ...
Syphilis + HIV - Toronto People With AIDS Foundation
... injections, each one week apart. For neurosyphilis, a much stronger course of antibiotics is needed, and will be given intravenously (i.v.) every 4 hours for 10-14 days. If you are allergic to penecillin, another antibiotic may be given which you can take by mouth. Pregnant women, however, must have ...
... injections, each one week apart. For neurosyphilis, a much stronger course of antibiotics is needed, and will be given intravenously (i.v.) every 4 hours for 10-14 days. If you are allergic to penecillin, another antibiotic may be given which you can take by mouth. Pregnant women, however, must have ...
Replication of hepatitis C virus in peripheral blood mononuclear
... The study group comprised 55 patients with chronic hepatitis C, treatment naive, 28 females and 27 males, aged 24-68 years (mean 47.3). All the patients were anti-HCV positive, HCV RNA positive. HCV genotype 1 was detected in 35 patients (63.6%), genotype 3 in 18 individuals (32.7%) and genotype 4 i ...
... The study group comprised 55 patients with chronic hepatitis C, treatment naive, 28 females and 27 males, aged 24-68 years (mean 47.3). All the patients were anti-HCV positive, HCV RNA positive. HCV genotype 1 was detected in 35 patients (63.6%), genotype 3 in 18 individuals (32.7%) and genotype 4 i ...
Name and Address of Childcare Facility Date: RE: Slapped Cheek
... pregnant woman or her baby if exposed to a person with slapped cheek syndrome. About 50% of women are already immune to parvovirus B19, and these women and their babies are protected from infection and illness. Even if a woman is susceptible and gets infected with parvovirus B19, she usually experie ...
... pregnant woman or her baby if exposed to a person with slapped cheek syndrome. About 50% of women are already immune to parvovirus B19, and these women and their babies are protected from infection and illness. Even if a woman is susceptible and gets infected with parvovirus B19, she usually experie ...
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease caused by an organism
... In pregnant women, chlamydia infections may lead to premature delivery. Babies born to infected mothers can get infections in their eyes, called conjunctivitis or pinkeye, as well as pneumonia. Symptoms of conjunctivitis include discharge from the eyes and swollen eyelids, usually showing up within ...
... In pregnant women, chlamydia infections may lead to premature delivery. Babies born to infected mothers can get infections in their eyes, called conjunctivitis or pinkeye, as well as pneumonia. Symptoms of conjunctivitis include discharge from the eyes and swollen eyelids, usually showing up within ...
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease
... In pregnant women, chlamydia infections may lead to premature delivery. Babies born to infected mothers can get infections in their eyes, called conjunctivitis or pinkeye, as well as pneumonia. Symptoms of conjunctivitis include discharge from the eyes and swollen eyelids, usually showing up within ...
... In pregnant women, chlamydia infections may lead to premature delivery. Babies born to infected mothers can get infections in their eyes, called conjunctivitis or pinkeye, as well as pneumonia. Symptoms of conjunctivitis include discharge from the eyes and swollen eyelids, usually showing up within ...
of symptomatic West Nile virus infection
... cases, 100 deaths, 3.9%). The combined total for this time interval in the US is 16,577 reported cases with 648 deaths (3.9%; references 7–9). The Arizona WNV-seropositive cohort accounted for 8 of the 19 total deaths, 7 in Caucasians and 1 in a Hispanic (Table I). The Colorado WNV-seropositive coho ...
... cases, 100 deaths, 3.9%). The combined total for this time interval in the US is 16,577 reported cases with 648 deaths (3.9%; references 7–9). The Arizona WNV-seropositive cohort accounted for 8 of the 19 total deaths, 7 in Caucasians and 1 in a Hispanic (Table I). The Colorado WNV-seropositive coho ...
Appendix 2: Zika Virus Factsheet
... Sexual transmission ZIKV can be transmitted during sex by a person infected with ZIKV to their partner (female or male). Multiple instances of probable or confirmed sexual transmission have now been reported. To date almost all reports of sexual transmission have involved a symptomatic man30, 31, 3 ...
... Sexual transmission ZIKV can be transmitted during sex by a person infected with ZIKV to their partner (female or male). Multiple instances of probable or confirmed sexual transmission have now been reported. To date almost all reports of sexual transmission have involved a symptomatic man30, 31, 3 ...
Risks of spreading foot and mouth disease through milk and
... indicate that pigs are approximately 1,000-fold less susceptible by this route. Terpstra ( 3 2 ) calculated that an air-borne dose of at least 1 0 ' mouse I D is required to infect a pig. The amount of air-bome virus which would result from the splashing of milk is not known but it seems possible th ...
... indicate that pigs are approximately 1,000-fold less susceptible by this route. Terpstra ( 3 2 ) calculated that an air-borne dose of at least 1 0 ' mouse I D is required to infect a pig. The amount of air-bome virus which would result from the splashing of milk is not known but it seems possible th ...
Biosafety standards for working with Crimean
... to an increased use of diagnostic kits and awareness of CCHF among medical staff (Larichev, 2015). Following a regional epidemic in Turkey in 2003 and subsequent spread, 9787 cases with a CFR of 4.6 % were recorded by the end of 2015, which represents the highest number of cases on record (Korukluog ...
... to an increased use of diagnostic kits and awareness of CCHF among medical staff (Larichev, 2015). Following a regional epidemic in Turkey in 2003 and subsequent spread, 9787 cases with a CFR of 4.6 % were recorded by the end of 2015, which represents the highest number of cases on record (Korukluog ...
Document
... streptavidin (top). Identity of translation products was confirmed by western blot analysis with rabbit anti-CD3 (middle) or antiCD3 (bottom) antisera. Note that the anti-CD3 antisera weakly cross-reacts with CD3. Migration of translation products was consistent with their predicted molecular weight ...
... streptavidin (top). Identity of translation products was confirmed by western blot analysis with rabbit anti-CD3 (middle) or antiCD3 (bottom) antisera. Note that the anti-CD3 antisera weakly cross-reacts with CD3. Migration of translation products was consistent with their predicted molecular weight ...
Viruses causing hepatitis outside the alphabet EBV, CMV, HHV6
... ¾ Hepatitis = 'inflammation of the liver' and not a single disease ...
... ¾ Hepatitis = 'inflammation of the liver' and not a single disease ...
Why Was the 1918 Influenza So Deadly?
... There were several influenza epidemics in 1918 that appeared in “waves” at the end of World War I (Mamelund, 2004, as cited in Moxnes & Christophersen, 2008). The first springtime epidemic (March–April 1918) spread rapidly and infected many people around the world, but caused relatively mild symptom ...
... There were several influenza epidemics in 1918 that appeared in “waves” at the end of World War I (Mamelund, 2004, as cited in Moxnes & Christophersen, 2008). The first springtime epidemic (March–April 1918) spread rapidly and infected many people around the world, but caused relatively mild symptom ...
hepatitis b
... The number of acute hepatitis B virus infections has been declining each year, with an estimated 46,000 new infections in 2006. Many experts believe this decline is a result of widespread vaccination of children. However, up to 1.4 million people may have chronic hepatitis B, many of whom are unawar ...
... The number of acute hepatitis B virus infections has been declining each year, with an estimated 46,000 new infections in 2006. Many experts believe this decline is a result of widespread vaccination of children. However, up to 1.4 million people may have chronic hepatitis B, many of whom are unawar ...
Genetics of Herpes Simplex Virus Type
... Figure 1.1: Herpesvirus virion structure. Virions of herpes viruses can vary in size from 120nm to 300nm (Roizman and Furlong, 1974). A virion consists of: an electron-dense core containing the viral genome, an icosadeltahedral capsid around the core, an amorphous tegument around the capsid, and an ...
... Figure 1.1: Herpesvirus virion structure. Virions of herpes viruses can vary in size from 120nm to 300nm (Roizman and Furlong, 1974). A virion consists of: an electron-dense core containing the viral genome, an icosadeltahedral capsid around the core, an amorphous tegument around the capsid, and an ...
Diseases in insects produced for food and feed
... rates increase. For example, in the production of the house cricket A. domesticus, a densovirus (AdDNV) frequently occurs and has been known to exist at endemic levels in Europe for at least 35 years (Liu et al., 2011). Infected A. domesticus crickets die from infection or become smaller and less ac ...
... rates increase. For example, in the production of the house cricket A. domesticus, a densovirus (AdDNV) frequently occurs and has been known to exist at endemic levels in Europe for at least 35 years (Liu et al., 2011). Infected A. domesticus crickets die from infection or become smaller and less ac ...
Host–Symbiont Relationships: Understanding the Change from
... utilized, or both by pests. Other authors consider an infestation to refer to a population rather than to individuals. Still, others use the word “infestation” to suggest an action and the term “infection” to suggest a condition or a state. Microorganisms such as oral bacteria that live naturally in ...
... utilized, or both by pests. Other authors consider an infestation to refer to a population rather than to individuals. Still, others use the word “infestation” to suggest an action and the term “infection” to suggest a condition or a state. Microorganisms such as oral bacteria that live naturally in ...
Importance of conserved amino acids at the cleavage site of the
... determination of a yeast protease, Kex2, that cleaves the killer toxin at dibasic sites (Fuller et al., 1989), three eukaryotic homologues, furin, PC2 and PC1 or PC3, were identified (for a review, see Barr, 1991). These enzymes differ in cleavage specificities and tissue tropism. Whereas both PC2 a ...
... determination of a yeast protease, Kex2, that cleaves the killer toxin at dibasic sites (Fuller et al., 1989), three eukaryotic homologues, furin, PC2 and PC1 or PC3, were identified (for a review, see Barr, 1991). These enzymes differ in cleavage specificities and tissue tropism. Whereas both PC2 a ...
the regulation of rotavirus–infected ht29.f8 and ma104 cells treated
... diagnostics of RV infections. Preserved fecal samples from the 1943 study by Light and Hodes were viewed with EM in 1976 and “reovirus” like particles were seen (Light & Hodes, 1943; Mebus et al., 1976). Since then polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) ...
... diagnostics of RV infections. Preserved fecal samples from the 1943 study by Light and Hodes were viewed with EM in 1976 and “reovirus” like particles were seen (Light & Hodes, 1943; Mebus et al., 1976). Since then polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) ...
Influenza: Virus and Disease, Epidemics and Pandemics (Steinhoff)
... though they clearly favor GI tract of aquatic birds. It is thought that feral and domestic fowl are the natural host, with stable adaptation, little disease. ...
... though they clearly favor GI tract of aquatic birds. It is thought that feral and domestic fowl are the natural host, with stable adaptation, little disease. ...
Macrophages participate in host protection and the
... concomitant macrophage behavior. The aim of this study was to characterize the macrophage immune response after Leishmania braziliensis infection in cells derived from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) patients, subclinical individuals (SC) and healthy control subjects (HS). ...
... concomitant macrophage behavior. The aim of this study was to characterize the macrophage immune response after Leishmania braziliensis infection in cells derived from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) patients, subclinical individuals (SC) and healthy control subjects (HS). ...
HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.