Enteric hepatitis viruses - World Health Organization
... percentage of cases do enteroviruses proceed to infect the central nervous system, and HAV to infect the liver. HAV replication in the liver causes damage to liver cells, which is known as hepatitis. In immune individuals, however, circulating antibodies prevent HAV from infecting the liver. Like ma ...
... percentage of cases do enteroviruses proceed to infect the central nervous system, and HAV to infect the liver. HAV replication in the liver causes damage to liver cells, which is known as hepatitis. In immune individuals, however, circulating antibodies prevent HAV from infecting the liver. Like ma ...
Modelling the spread of infectious salmon anaemia among salmon
... [6], including the period from February 2003 to August 2009. More importantly, genetic information on ISAV isolates is now included. Details on virus detection, sequencing and compilation of the genetic data are given in Lyngstad et al. [19], whereas all data on salmon farms and salmon cohorts are d ...
... [6], including the period from February 2003 to August 2009. More importantly, genetic information on ISAV isolates is now included. Details on virus detection, sequencing and compilation of the genetic data are given in Lyngstad et al. [19], whereas all data on salmon farms and salmon cohorts are d ...
Viral Diseases in Zebrafish: What Is Known and Unknown
... The potential effects of unrecognized viral infections may, in some cases, be similar to the confounding effects documented for parasitic and bacterial infections in zebrafish and other laboratory fishes. Mycobacterium spp. are the most important bacterial pathogens of laboratory zebrafish and cause ...
... The potential effects of unrecognized viral infections may, in some cases, be similar to the confounding effects documented for parasitic and bacterial infections in zebrafish and other laboratory fishes. Mycobacterium spp. are the most important bacterial pathogens of laboratory zebrafish and cause ...
Abstract
... research where the confounding effects due to unknown infectious agents are a serious concern. Research areas such as aging, cancer, immunity, infection, and toxicology often require that the zebrafish be maintained for a much greater portion of their life span and that the histopathologic changes i ...
... research where the confounding effects due to unknown infectious agents are a serious concern. Research areas such as aging, cancer, immunity, infection, and toxicology often require that the zebrafish be maintained for a much greater portion of their life span and that the histopathologic changes i ...
Fate of Viruses in Water Systems
... et al. 2006). One challenge in norovirus studies is that high concentrations of noroviruses cannot be easily produced because they are not culturable (Farkas et al. 2008). Rotavirus has been recognized as one of the most common causes of acute infectious gastroenteritis (Marshall 2009) and the leadi ...
... et al. 2006). One challenge in norovirus studies is that high concentrations of noroviruses cannot be easily produced because they are not culturable (Farkas et al. 2008). Rotavirus has been recognized as one of the most common causes of acute infectious gastroenteritis (Marshall 2009) and the leadi ...
Modelling the spread of infectious salmon anaemia among salmon
... — dijg is the genetic distance between genotype g and the genotype g 0 of the virus isolated from the infectious salmon farm j. Note that dijg depends on the genotypes g and g 0 , but for convenience this is not given explicit in the notation. — v is a parameter that expresses the effect of the gene ...
... — dijg is the genetic distance between genotype g and the genotype g 0 of the virus isolated from the infectious salmon farm j. Note that dijg depends on the genotypes g and g 0 , but for convenience this is not given explicit in the notation. — v is a parameter that expresses the effect of the gene ...
Critical Review of Norovirus Surrogates in Food Safety Research
... pathogen’s inactivation kinetics. NoVs include a variety of genetically similar strains (also called genotypes or clusters) within two genogroups (I and II). The uptake of ...
... pathogen’s inactivation kinetics. NoVs include a variety of genetically similar strains (also called genotypes or clusters) within two genogroups (I and II). The uptake of ...
Seroprevalence of hepatitis C and B in southern Africa
... living longer enough to be diagnosed with pathologies related to chronic infection of HCV and HBV, which will contributes to higher burden for health personnel and may require budgetary planning. HCV and HBV have public health importance since they share the same route of transmission as HIV. HCV a ...
... living longer enough to be diagnosed with pathologies related to chronic infection of HCV and HBV, which will contributes to higher burden for health personnel and may require budgetary planning. HCV and HBV have public health importance since they share the same route of transmission as HIV. HCV a ...
histoplasmosis paper final - Concordia University, Nebraska
... infection is actually an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection. Before HIV positive patients received the highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the prevalence of histoplasmosis in HIV infected individuals was around 30%. Histoplasmosis is more common in patients with CD4 counts below 50/mm3, ...
... infection is actually an AIDS-defining opportunistic infection. Before HIV positive patients received the highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the prevalence of histoplasmosis in HIV infected individuals was around 30%. Histoplasmosis is more common in patients with CD4 counts below 50/mm3, ...
Reverted to Germline with Ig-Framework Regions Substantially HIV
... Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Peter D. Kwong, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Building 40, Room 4508, Bethesda, MD 20892. ...
... Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Peter D. Kwong, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Building 40, Room 4508, Bethesda, MD 20892. ...
Hepatitis E Virus Update December 2014
... populations suggesting that swine HEV may be an important zoonotic agent for humans. In a study in 2001 which sampled almost 1,000 pigs, overall seroprevalence was 59% but varied by province highest in Quebec (90%) then Ontario (80%) and lower at 38% in Alberta and Saskatchewan (10) Clinical attack ...
... populations suggesting that swine HEV may be an important zoonotic agent for humans. In a study in 2001 which sampled almost 1,000 pigs, overall seroprevalence was 59% but varied by province highest in Quebec (90%) then Ontario (80%) and lower at 38% in Alberta and Saskatchewan (10) Clinical attack ...
Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie
... sequence homology, have been identified. Although the other serotypes have attracted increasing attention during recent years, AAV type 2 is the most prominent serotype for gene therapy, being the first isolated, cloned, and best characterized. Since all following descriptions will refer to AAV type ...
... sequence homology, have been identified. Although the other serotypes have attracted increasing attention during recent years, AAV type 2 is the most prominent serotype for gene therapy, being the first isolated, cloned, and best characterized. Since all following descriptions will refer to AAV type ...
Zinc and human immunodeficiency virus infection
... several fold higher than normal serum levels (but lower than concentrations of zinc that are toxic to cell cultures). Zinc-induced PBMC proliferation was somewhat lower among 30 HIV-infected patients compared to 16 healthy donors. HIV-infected individuals with low zinc-induced lymphoproliferative re ...
... several fold higher than normal serum levels (but lower than concentrations of zinc that are toxic to cell cultures). Zinc-induced PBMC proliferation was somewhat lower among 30 HIV-infected patients compared to 16 healthy donors. HIV-infected individuals with low zinc-induced lymphoproliferative re ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... increased susceptibility allowed us to further adapt the virus to chickens. After 22 passages (P22) in IBDV-pre-exposed chickens, the LPAI virus replicated substantially better than the wild-type (WT) mallard virus in both IBDV-exposed and normal chickens. Interestingly, the P22 virus showed simila ...
... increased susceptibility allowed us to further adapt the virus to chickens. After 22 passages (P22) in IBDV-pre-exposed chickens, the LPAI virus replicated substantially better than the wild-type (WT) mallard virus in both IBDV-exposed and normal chickens. Interestingly, the P22 virus showed simila ...
The viral killer system in yeast: from molecular biology to application
... cytoplasmically inherited M-dsRNA satellite virus (designated ScV-M1, ScV-M2 or ScV-M28 for S. cerevisiae virus), which depends on the coexistence of L-A helper virus to be stably maintained and replicated within the cytoplasm of the infected host cell (Table 2). Cells containing neither dsRNA or on ...
... cytoplasmically inherited M-dsRNA satellite virus (designated ScV-M1, ScV-M2 or ScV-M28 for S. cerevisiae virus), which depends on the coexistence of L-A helper virus to be stably maintained and replicated within the cytoplasm of the infected host cell (Table 2). Cells containing neither dsRNA or on ...
Clinical signs and pathologic lesions of highly pathogenic avian
... during the 2003 to 2005 outbreaks of the H5N1 influenza viruses in Indonesia. The highest number affected flocks were in layer chickens, with only limited number of quail flock, backyard chicken flock, ducks flock and live-bird markets infected. Those poultry originated from provinces in East Java, ...
... during the 2003 to 2005 outbreaks of the H5N1 influenza viruses in Indonesia. The highest number affected flocks were in layer chickens, with only limited number of quail flock, backyard chicken flock, ducks flock and live-bird markets infected. Those poultry originated from provinces in East Java, ...
Influenza is an acute disease characterized by cough, coryza, fever
... globally to a few months or even weeks. The major implication of such rapid spread of an infectious disease is that many, if not most, countries will have minimal time to implement preparations and responses once pandemic viruses have begun to spread. While SARS infections spread quickly to multiple ...
... globally to a few months or even weeks. The major implication of such rapid spread of an infectious disease is that many, if not most, countries will have minimal time to implement preparations and responses once pandemic viruses have begun to spread. While SARS infections spread quickly to multiple ...
Infection Control - Stony Brook University School of Medicine
... • The total number of infectious carriers in the United States is thought to be between 750,000 and 1 million. • Acute hepatitis B infection rates have decreased in healthcare workers and others who are at risk through occupational exposure. • The decrease is attributed to – widespread use of the he ...
... • The total number of infectious carriers in the United States is thought to be between 750,000 and 1 million. • Acute hepatitis B infection rates have decreased in healthcare workers and others who are at risk through occupational exposure. • The decrease is attributed to – widespread use of the he ...
Infection Control - Stony Brook Medicine
... • The total number of infectious carriers in the United States is thought to be between 750,000 and 1 million. • Acute hepatitis B infection rates have decreased in healthcare workers and others who are at risk through occupational exposure. • The decrease is attributed to – widespread use of the he ...
... • The total number of infectious carriers in the United States is thought to be between 750,000 and 1 million. • Acute hepatitis B infection rates have decreased in healthcare workers and others who are at risk through occupational exposure. • The decrease is attributed to – widespread use of the he ...
CURRICULUM VITAE Lu
... R. Palmer Beasley, Lu-Yu Hwang, George Chin-Yun Lee, Chung-Chi Lan, ChenHsiung Roan, Fu-Yuan Huang, Chiung-Lin Chen: Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in combination with HB vaccine first report of a randomized controlled trial ...
... R. Palmer Beasley, Lu-Yu Hwang, George Chin-Yun Lee, Chung-Chi Lan, ChenHsiung Roan, Fu-Yuan Huang, Chiung-Lin Chen: Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) in combination with HB vaccine first report of a randomized controlled trial ...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
... genome encodes 10 structural and non-structural proteins. The non-structural NS1 and NS2 proteins prolong the survival of infected cell by preventing the interferon response and enhance the formation of new viruses. The structural proteins N (nucleoprotein), P (phosphoprotein), and L (polymerase) co ...
... genome encodes 10 structural and non-structural proteins. The non-structural NS1 and NS2 proteins prolong the survival of infected cell by preventing the interferon response and enhance the formation of new viruses. The structural proteins N (nucleoprotein), P (phosphoprotein), and L (polymerase) co ...
Norovirus infection in the home and the role of hygiene – an update
... diarrhoeal virus in terms of work/education days lost. although there are probably multiple serotypes of norovirus, immunity to all seems to be short-lived. Thus individuals may be protected for only a few months following an infection before they become infectable once more by the same virus. S ...
... diarrhoeal virus in terms of work/education days lost. although there are probably multiple serotypes of norovirus, immunity to all seems to be short-lived. Thus individuals may be protected for only a few months following an infection before they become infectable once more by the same virus. S ...
Potential occurrence of Zika from subtropical to temperate Argentina
... these viruses, Zika was first isolated in a forest area in Uganda, Africa (1), and was historically restricted to Asia and Africa for more than 50 years (2), but recently spread to Micronesia in 2007and Brazil in 2014‐2015 (3,4), continuing its expansion through South, Central and North America ( ...
... these viruses, Zika was first isolated in a forest area in Uganda, Africa (1), and was historically restricted to Asia and Africa for more than 50 years (2), but recently spread to Micronesia in 2007and Brazil in 2014‐2015 (3,4), continuing its expansion through South, Central and North America ( ...
- Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious
... positive for HBe antigen using PCR and southern blot hybridization (5) and in banked human milk samples using a nested PCR (6). Recently, Pirillo et al. (7) tested HBV DNA in serum and breast milk using a standardized quantitative PCR method in HIV coinfected mothers who were under lamivudine-contai ...
... positive for HBe antigen using PCR and southern blot hybridization (5) and in banked human milk samples using a nested PCR (6). Recently, Pirillo et al. (7) tested HBV DNA in serum and breast milk using a standardized quantitative PCR method in HIV coinfected mothers who were under lamivudine-contai ...
Rapid risk assessment: Zika virus
... vectors are not present) as the majority of the population has not been exposed to ZIKV and therefore lacks immunity. The proclivity of Ae. aegypti to blood feed primarily on humans and its ability to proliferate in urban areas partially explains the rapid spread of ZIKV in the Americas. In addition ...
... vectors are not present) as the majority of the population has not been exposed to ZIKV and therefore lacks immunity. The proclivity of Ae. aegypti to blood feed primarily on humans and its ability to proliferate in urban areas partially explains the rapid spread of ZIKV in the Americas. In addition ...
HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.