![Rangeland degradation in Ordos Plateau, its nature and assessment](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/007767482_1-188348d78ef92814e717c34ab57fb228-300x300.png)
Rangeland degradation in Ordos Plateau, its nature and assessment
... intensification of soil erosion (Li 1990, Jia 1995). According to Li, degradation of grass cover is the most important cause of soil erosion in the natural grasslands. O vergrazing and trampling by livestock are the main reasons for the loss of grass cover, but the construction of roads, and other a ...
... intensification of soil erosion (Li 1990, Jia 1995). According to Li, degradation of grass cover is the most important cause of soil erosion in the natural grasslands. O vergrazing and trampling by livestock are the main reasons for the loss of grass cover, but the construction of roads, and other a ...
Point Pelee National Park of Canada
... Lake Erie. The park also includes Middle Island located in the western basin of Lake Erie. Despite its small size, the park supports a great diversity of flora and fauna, including numerous rare species. The park’s Greater Park Ecosystem (Fig. 3) encompasses one of the most highly populated and d ...
... Lake Erie. The park also includes Middle Island located in the western basin of Lake Erie. Despite its small size, the park supports a great diversity of flora and fauna, including numerous rare species. The park’s Greater Park Ecosystem (Fig. 3) encompasses one of the most highly populated and d ...
The fossil history of Grvys zebra (Equus grevyi) in equatorial East
... the first historical observations of the species were made. It follows that in addition to human impacts over the last few decades, the decline of Grévy’s zebra may be driven in part by mechanisms operating on temporal scales beyond the limits of human observation, as has been documented in the fos ...
... the first historical observations of the species were made. It follows that in addition to human impacts over the last few decades, the decline of Grévy’s zebra may be driven in part by mechanisms operating on temporal scales beyond the limits of human observation, as has been documented in the fos ...
the impacts of global climate change on grassland ecosystems
... because other atmospheric constituents as well as CO2 also affect the climate, equivalent CO2 doubling will occur before actual CO2 doubling. The result has been confusion and inaccuracy in assessing impacts, especially in studies which have adopted scenarios of both climate change and elevated CO2 ...
... because other atmospheric constituents as well as CO2 also affect the climate, equivalent CO2 doubling will occur before actual CO2 doubling. The result has been confusion and inaccuracy in assessing impacts, especially in studies which have adopted scenarios of both climate change and elevated CO2 ...
The Functions of Biological Diversity in an Age of Extinction REVIEW
... single dimensions of biodiversity, of course, increases the complexity of current research. For example, Mouillot et al. (4) explored two measures of taxonomic diversity and six measures of functional diversity (based on five plant traits) to explain four independent ecosystem functions in an experi ...
... single dimensions of biodiversity, of course, increases the complexity of current research. For example, Mouillot et al. (4) explored two measures of taxonomic diversity and six measures of functional diversity (based on five plant traits) to explain four independent ecosystem functions in an experi ...
Soil macrofauna (invertebrates) of
... (Northern-Turgai physical-geographical province of steppe Kazakhstan, Kostanay Oblast). The study site is located in the territory of the Naurzum State Nature Reserve, a part of the UNESCO World Heritage site “Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan”, where remnants of Virgin S. lessingia ...
... (Northern-Turgai physical-geographical province of steppe Kazakhstan, Kostanay Oblast). The study site is located in the territory of the Naurzum State Nature Reserve, a part of the UNESCO World Heritage site “Saryarka - Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan”, where remnants of Virgin S. lessingia ...
Predator–prey relationships and responses of ungulates and their
... behavioural or physiological factors, including densitydependent dispersal, territoriality or reproductive inhibition, and extrinsic regulating factors (Nicholson, 1933; Lack, 1954), such as disease, interspecific competition, or trophic interactions acting either from below (bottom-up) or above (to ...
... behavioural or physiological factors, including densitydependent dispersal, territoriality or reproductive inhibition, and extrinsic regulating factors (Nicholson, 1933; Lack, 1954), such as disease, interspecific competition, or trophic interactions acting either from below (bottom-up) or above (to ...
Response of subarctic vegetation to transient climatic change on the
... Class 1, < 6.5 °C; Class 2, 6.5°±9.5 °C; Class 3, 9.5°±12.5 °C; Class 4, > 12.5 °C. ...
... Class 1, < 6.5 °C; Class 2, 6.5°±9.5 °C; Class 3, 9.5°±12.5 °C; Class 4, > 12.5 °C. ...
methane: the “other” greenhouse gas
... material; methane is another and is the focus of today’s lesson. Methane is produced during anaerobic decomposition. Anaerobic means decomposition that occurs without the presence of oxygen. Microbes (decomposers that break down dead plants and animals) metabolize the organic material and release me ...
... material; methane is another and is the focus of today’s lesson. Methane is produced during anaerobic decomposition. Anaerobic means decomposition that occurs without the presence of oxygen. Microbes (decomposers that break down dead plants and animals) metabolize the organic material and release me ...
Interaction webs in arctic ecosystems: Determinants of arctic
... structured, how they vary in time, and how they are changing with current environmental change: firstly, the high arctic interaction webs are much more complex than previously envisaged, and with a structure mainly dictated by its arthropod component. Secondly, the dynamics of species within these w ...
... structured, how they vary in time, and how they are changing with current environmental change: firstly, the high arctic interaction webs are much more complex than previously envisaged, and with a structure mainly dictated by its arthropod component. Secondly, the dynamics of species within these w ...
Animating the Carbon Cycle - University of California, Santa Cruz
... and others 1990; Falkowski and others 2000; Sarmiento and Gruber 2002; Houghton 2007). Understanding the processes that determine carbon exchange and storage is central to this undertaking because they determine the quantity of emitted CO2 and its fate among reservoirs within aquatic and terrestrial ...
... and others 1990; Falkowski and others 2000; Sarmiento and Gruber 2002; Houghton 2007). Understanding the processes that determine carbon exchange and storage is central to this undertaking because they determine the quantity of emitted CO2 and its fate among reservoirs within aquatic and terrestrial ...
Niche construction, co-evolution and biodiversity
... (Wang et al., 2006), and this perspective is supported by some well-established cases of gene-culture co-evolution. The most famous example of culturally induced genetic responses to human agriculture is the co-evolution of dairy farming and the gene for lactose absorption (Durham, 1991). Theoretica ...
... (Wang et al., 2006), and this perspective is supported by some well-established cases of gene-culture co-evolution. The most famous example of culturally induced genetic responses to human agriculture is the co-evolution of dairy farming and the gene for lactose absorption (Durham, 1991). Theoretica ...
The exchange of carbon dioxide between wet arctic - HAL-Insu
... least 600 m in all directions from the eddy tower (Fig. 2). The three-dimensional wind vector and the sonic temperature were measured with a sonic anemometer (Solent R3, Gill Instruments Ltd., UK) at a height of 3.65 m above ground level. The concentration of H2 O and CO2 were measured with a closed ...
... least 600 m in all directions from the eddy tower (Fig. 2). The three-dimensional wind vector and the sonic temperature were measured with a sonic anemometer (Solent R3, Gill Instruments Ltd., UK) at a height of 3.65 m above ground level. The concentration of H2 O and CO2 were measured with a closed ...
Ecology Practice Questions - Miami Beach Senior High School
... 3. They recycle the residue of dead organisms. ...
... 3. They recycle the residue of dead organisms. ...
Quantifying the Contribution of Organisms to the Provision of
... Moreover, a population boundary can be delineated by the extent over which a service is generated. Because it is logistically difficult—although not impossible—to apply the SPU approach to populations in real landscapes, Luck and colleagues (2003) pragmatically suggested that the concept could be ex ...
... Moreover, a population boundary can be delineated by the extent over which a service is generated. Because it is logistically difficult—although not impossible—to apply the SPU approach to populations in real landscapes, Luck and colleagues (2003) pragmatically suggested that the concept could be ex ...
Animating the Carbon Cycle - University of California, Santa Cruz
... O. J. Schmitz and others and others 1990; Falkowski and others 2000; Sarmiento and Gruber 2002; Houghton 2007). Understanding the processes that determine carbon exchange and storage is central to this undertaking because they determine the quantity of emitted CO2 and its fate among reservoirs with ...
... O. J. Schmitz and others and others 1990; Falkowski and others 2000; Sarmiento and Gruber 2002; Houghton 2007). Understanding the processes that determine carbon exchange and storage is central to this undertaking because they determine the quantity of emitted CO2 and its fate among reservoirs with ...
Are Cattle Surrogate Wildlife? Savanna Plant Community
... Voeten and Prins 1999), suggesting some degree of functional redundancy. For example, cattle may partially functionally replace other herbivores both directly, via consumption of excess forage (Young et al. 2005), and indirectly, by accelerating nutrient cycling and increasing production (Frank and ...
... Voeten and Prins 1999), suggesting some degree of functional redundancy. For example, cattle may partially functionally replace other herbivores both directly, via consumption of excess forage (Young et al. 2005), and indirectly, by accelerating nutrient cycling and increasing production (Frank and ...
The Concept of Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers Ten Years On
... abiotic environment. Given the ubiquity of ecosystem engineering, some have argued that if all organisms are ecosystem engineers, the concept cannot be considered useful (Reichman and Seabloom 2002a, 2002b). This complaint equates ubiquity with nonutility. In contrast, others have argued that the ub ...
... abiotic environment. Given the ubiquity of ecosystem engineering, some have argued that if all organisms are ecosystem engineers, the concept cannot be considered useful (Reichman and Seabloom 2002a, 2002b). This complaint equates ubiquity with nonutility. In contrast, others have argued that the ub ...
Links between Biodiversity and Ecosystem
... traits to quantify ecosystem service delivery (Kremen, 2005; De Bello et al., 2010; Díaz et al., 2011). These approaches may also aid in the understanding of mechanisms of multi-functionality and trade-offs. Although knowledge on associations and trade-offs between plant traits is well established, ...
... traits to quantify ecosystem service delivery (Kremen, 2005; De Bello et al., 2010; Díaz et al., 2011). These approaches may also aid in the understanding of mechanisms of multi-functionality and trade-offs. Although knowledge on associations and trade-offs between plant traits is well established, ...
The Concept of Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers Ten Years On
... abiotic environment. Given the ubiquity of ecosystem engineering, some have argued that if all organisms are ecosystem engineers, the concept cannot be considered useful (Reichman and Seabloom 2002a, 2002b). This complaint equates ubiquity with nonutility. In contrast, others have argued that the ub ...
... abiotic environment. Given the ubiquity of ecosystem engineering, some have argued that if all organisms are ecosystem engineers, the concept cannot be considered useful (Reichman and Seabloom 2002a, 2002b). This complaint equates ubiquity with nonutility. In contrast, others have argued that the ub ...
Ecosystem Approach to Marine Fisheries Management
... and snappers to a fishery dominated by small pelagics used for animal feed and invertebrates such as jellyfish and squids. These mechanisms almost often lead, through a positive feedback loop, to a fourth biological mechanism: harvesting small pelagic fish species at lower trophic levels reduces the ...
... and snappers to a fishery dominated by small pelagics used for animal feed and invertebrates such as jellyfish and squids. These mechanisms almost often lead, through a positive feedback loop, to a fourth biological mechanism: harvesting small pelagic fish species at lower trophic levels reduces the ...
The Ecological Role of the Mammalian Mesocarnivore
... arise where predators act synergistically to have a cumulative impact on their prey that is greater than the sum of their individual predatory effects. Or in a divergent pattern, predators may interfere with one another, such as when one predator becomes the prey of another (intraguild predation), r ...
... arise where predators act synergistically to have a cumulative impact on their prey that is greater than the sum of their individual predatory effects. Or in a divergent pattern, predators may interfere with one another, such as when one predator becomes the prey of another (intraguild predation), r ...
The Ecological Role of the Mammalian Mesocarnivore
... arise where predators act synergistically to have a cumulative impact on their prey that is greater than the sum of their individual predatory effects. Or in a divergent pattern, predators may interfere with one another, such as when one predator becomes the prey of another (intraguild predation), r ...
... arise where predators act synergistically to have a cumulative impact on their prey that is greater than the sum of their individual predatory effects. Or in a divergent pattern, predators may interfere with one another, such as when one predator becomes the prey of another (intraguild predation), r ...
Extending the stressgradient hypothesis is competition among
... Zhang et al. 2003), and one of the clearest examples is burrowing. Digging burrows is a widespread strategy among alpine animals that allows them cope with environmental extremes. Other species can benefit from these burrows directly, using them as temporary or permanent shelter (Zeng and Lu 2008, M ...
... Zhang et al. 2003), and one of the clearest examples is burrowing. Digging burrows is a widespread strategy among alpine animals that allows them cope with environmental extremes. Other species can benefit from these burrows directly, using them as temporary or permanent shelter (Zeng and Lu 2008, M ...
Management ofremnant lowland grasslands and grassy woodlands
... unaltered. Deferred and rotational grazing regimes, in which stock are allowed to graze in sensitive areas from late summer to mid-winter only (when few native plants are flowering or rapidly growing), may enhance the conservation of lowland grasslands and grassy woodlands in some cases. However, gr ...
... unaltered. Deferred and rotational grazing regimes, in which stock are allowed to graze in sensitive areas from late summer to mid-winter only (when few native plants are flowering or rapidly growing), may enhance the conservation of lowland grasslands and grassy woodlands in some cases. However, gr ...
Pleistocene Park
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ice_age_fauna_of_northern_Spain_-_Mauricio_Antón.jpg?width=300)
Pleistocene Park (Russian: Плейстоценовый парк) is a nature reserve on the Kolyma River south of Chersky in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in northeastern Siberia, where an attempt is being made to recreate the northern subarctic steppe grassland ecosystem that flourished in the area during the last glacial period.The project is being led by Russian researcher Sergey Zimov, with hopes to back the hypothesis that overhunting, and not climate change, was primarily responsible for the extinction of wildlife and the disappearance of the grasslands at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.A further aim is to research the climatic effects of the expected changes in the ecosystem. Here the hypothesis is that the change from tundra to grassland will result in a raised ratio of energy emission to energy absorption of the area, leading to less thawing of permafrost and thereby less emission of greenhouse gases.To study this, large herbivores have been released, and their effect on the local fauna is being monitored. Preliminary results point at the ecologically low-grade tundra biome being converted into a productive grassland biome, and at the energy emission of the area being raised.A documentary is being produced about the park by an American journalist and filmmaker.