Climate Change Resilience Planning
... livable. Urban parks mitigate the heat island effect, enhance air quality, help to manage stormwater and provide habitat for diverse wildlife. These services, and Central Park’s resilience, become increasingly important as New York faces mounting stresses from population growth and climate change. C ...
... livable. Urban parks mitigate the heat island effect, enhance air quality, help to manage stormwater and provide habitat for diverse wildlife. These services, and Central Park’s resilience, become increasingly important as New York faces mounting stresses from population growth and climate change. C ...
Focus in Action Learning Pack
... source of food and shelter) are scarce and the other trees in the forest are growing too large for the beavers to use effectively. Dealing With our Garbage The ways people interact with the environment has changed over time. Machines and advanced technologies have caused a higher impact than in the ...
... source of food and shelter) are scarce and the other trees in the forest are growing too large for the beavers to use effectively. Dealing With our Garbage The ways people interact with the environment has changed over time. Machines and advanced technologies have caused a higher impact than in the ...
ECOSYSTEM 250Q
... 5. Fossils of a fungus called Prototaxites have been discovered. They are about 20 feet tall and about 400 million years old. Which fact from previous research would support the idea that an organism related to a mushroom could grow to such an unusual size? A. ...
... 5. Fossils of a fungus called Prototaxites have been discovered. They are about 20 feet tall and about 400 million years old. Which fact from previous research would support the idea that an organism related to a mushroom could grow to such an unusual size? A. ...
- Wiley Online Library
... many South American ecosystems are highly threatened (Myers et al. 2000) and are currently undergoing rapid transformations since some of its biomes present the highest deforestation rates in the world (Hansen et al. 2013). Besides, in South America there is a high disparity between habitat loss and ...
... many South American ecosystems are highly threatened (Myers et al. 2000) and are currently undergoing rapid transformations since some of its biomes present the highest deforestation rates in the world (Hansen et al. 2013). Besides, in South America there is a high disparity between habitat loss and ...
Author`s personal copy
... in space and time and heterogeneity of the surrounding landscape. (iii) The coexistence of regionally available species at a plot scale is due to reduced competitive exclusion according to Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, mowing once a year without fertilization being particularly effective. Eco ...
... in space and time and heterogeneity of the surrounding landscape. (iii) The coexistence of regionally available species at a plot scale is due to reduced competitive exclusion according to Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, mowing once a year without fertilization being particularly effective. Eco ...
- Wiley Online Library
... architecture. The spatial distribution of grasses over a landscape is determined by the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes, such as soil quality, water, fire, grazing pressure and seed dispersal (Anderson et al. 2007a; Anderson, Ritchie & McNaughton 2007b; Blair 1997; Bond & Keeley 2005). ...
... architecture. The spatial distribution of grasses over a landscape is determined by the interplay between biotic and abiotic processes, such as soil quality, water, fire, grazing pressure and seed dispersal (Anderson et al. 2007a; Anderson, Ritchie & McNaughton 2007b; Blair 1997; Bond & Keeley 2005). ...
Beyond arctic and alpine: the influence of winter climate on L
... in both temperate and alpine systems. Our findings suggest winter weather may have a strong influence on biotic activity during the growing season and should be considered in future studies investigating the effects of climate change on both alpine and temperate systems. Key words: critical climate ...
... in both temperate and alpine systems. Our findings suggest winter weather may have a strong influence on biotic activity during the growing season and should be considered in future studies investigating the effects of climate change on both alpine and temperate systems. Key words: critical climate ...
Arctic tundra fires: natural variability and responses to climate change
... ± 0.435 kilograms of C per square meter, for a total of ~2.1 teragrams of C. This amount equals approximately 25 years of C accumulation and 50–60% of the average annual C sequestration in the entire Arctic tundra biome. The magnitude of this C loss suggests that increases in fire frequency, severit ...
... ± 0.435 kilograms of C per square meter, for a total of ~2.1 teragrams of C. This amount equals approximately 25 years of C accumulation and 50–60% of the average annual C sequestration in the entire Arctic tundra biome. The magnitude of this C loss suggests that increases in fire frequency, severit ...
Arctic tundra fires: natural variability and responses to climate change
... ± 0.435 kilograms of C per square meter, for a total of ~2.1 teragrams of C. This amount equals approximately 25 years of C accumulation and 50–60% of the average annual C sequestration in the entire Arctic tundra biome. The magnitude of this C loss suggests that increases in fire frequency, severit ...
... ± 0.435 kilograms of C per square meter, for a total of ~2.1 teragrams of C. This amount equals approximately 25 years of C accumulation and 50–60% of the average annual C sequestration in the entire Arctic tundra biome. The magnitude of this C loss suggests that increases in fire frequency, severit ...
HERBIVORE OFFENSE Richard Karban Anurag A. Agrawal
... associated with nutritional benefits and is more likely when plant foods are scarce or less nutritious (Fox 1975, Via 1999). For example, when omnivorous western flower thrips feed on plants with high levels of defense, they shift their diet to include more small arthropods (Agrawal et al. 1999). Si ...
... associated with nutritional benefits and is more likely when plant foods are scarce or less nutritious (Fox 1975, Via 1999). For example, when omnivorous western flower thrips feed on plants with high levels of defense, they shift their diet to include more small arthropods (Agrawal et al. 1999). Si ...
Methane, the Clathrate-gun conjecture and a disturbed
... experienced much lower levels of free CO2 and CH4 than those remote epochs when the largest ancient carbon stores were laid down. 2 Such ancient sink accumulations have of course included significant quantities of trapped CH 4 gas, such as those associated with coal and oil that are now being releas ...
... experienced much lower levels of free CO2 and CH4 than those remote epochs when the largest ancient carbon stores were laid down. 2 Such ancient sink accumulations have of course included significant quantities of trapped CH 4 gas, such as those associated with coal and oil that are now being releas ...
Myrica
... » Mean effect size d was 0.47, which is a medium size effect » Meaning: the average size of plant protected from herbivores was significantly larger than those that ...
... » Mean effect size d was 0.47, which is a medium size effect » Meaning: the average size of plant protected from herbivores was significantly larger than those that ...
Linking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Current
... forage production—the final service most relevant to society in this context—have not been reported in most grassland experiments. Dozens of experiments in temperate grasslands offer considerable evidence that aboveground plant biomass production increases with plant species richness (Cardinale et ...
... forage production—the final service most relevant to society in this context—have not been reported in most grassland experiments. Dozens of experiments in temperate grasslands offer considerable evidence that aboveground plant biomass production increases with plant species richness (Cardinale et ...
2016 - LCLUC
... situated in specific tundra landscapes that face significantly different prospects for adaptation depending on existing or planned infrastructure associated with oil and gas development. The Nenets on the Yamal are affected by a suite of positive environmental factors the have contributed to their r ...
... situated in specific tundra landscapes that face significantly different prospects for adaptation depending on existing or planned infrastructure associated with oil and gas development. The Nenets on the Yamal are affected by a suite of positive environmental factors the have contributed to their r ...
Global change and marine communities: Alien species and climate
... coupling). Some examples are given, including a special mention of the situation of the Mediterranean Sea, where so many species have been introduced recently, and where some have spread in very large quantities. An increasing effort by marine scientists is required, not only to monitor the state of ...
... coupling). Some examples are given, including a special mention of the situation of the Mediterranean Sea, where so many species have been introduced recently, and where some have spread in very large quantities. An increasing effort by marine scientists is required, not only to monitor the state of ...
Indirect Effects in - Department of Knowledge Technologies
... nontrophic interactions. It should also be noted that in nature many species are very well adapted to modify their community and habitat. ...
... nontrophic interactions. It should also be noted that in nature many species are very well adapted to modify their community and habitat. ...
The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in
... richness increases (e.g. Thébault and Loreau 2005). In the multitrophic system, the relationship between diversity and properties of total trophic level biomass are not always similar at both trophic levels. At the herbivore level, total herbivore biomass saturates at high diversity and can even de ...
... richness increases (e.g. Thébault and Loreau 2005). In the multitrophic system, the relationship between diversity and properties of total trophic level biomass are not always similar at both trophic levels. At the herbivore level, total herbivore biomass saturates at high diversity and can even de ...
Document
... • Temperature and precipitation are the two most important factors that determine a region’s climate. ...
... • Temperature and precipitation are the two most important factors that determine a region’s climate. ...
ch06_sec1 revised
... • Temperature and precipitation are the two most important factors that determine a region’s climate. ...
... • Temperature and precipitation are the two most important factors that determine a region’s climate. ...
1 Alpine Treeline of Western North America - UNC
... follows snowmelt and may be most likely in moist microsites at treelines, such as areas with relatively late-lying snow, (e.g., Mellmann-Brown 2005, Resler et al. 2005, Maher and Germino 2006). Butler et al. (2004) associated seedling presence with micro-scale erosion and deposition of fine-grained ...
... follows snowmelt and may be most likely in moist microsites at treelines, such as areas with relatively late-lying snow, (e.g., Mellmann-Brown 2005, Resler et al. 2005, Maher and Germino 2006). Butler et al. (2004) associated seedling presence with micro-scale erosion and deposition of fine-grained ...
Ecosystem services - International Risk Governance Council
... people have been ultimately dependent upon the world’s ecosystems and the benefits that flow from them, and this dependence will continue. But as the human population has flourished, ecosystems have suffered in order to meet the accelerating demands for food, water, timber, and other natural resourc ...
... people have been ultimately dependent upon the world’s ecosystems and the benefits that flow from them, and this dependence will continue. But as the human population has flourished, ecosystems have suffered in order to meet the accelerating demands for food, water, timber, and other natural resourc ...
Ecosystem Health of Large Lakes - Great Lakes Fishery Commission
... processes and species abundances within “historical” or normal range that allows the system to be sustainable over time. Ecosystem health for Callicott is not necessarily dependent on persistence of individual species or even maintaining biodiversity, nor does it require maintenance of some referen ...
... processes and species abundances within “historical” or normal range that allows the system to be sustainable over time. Ecosystem health for Callicott is not necessarily dependent on persistence of individual species or even maintaining biodiversity, nor does it require maintenance of some referen ...
Standard PDF - Wiley Online Library
... coastal prairie, which consisted of a mix of perennial and annual grasses and forbs. We observed large and persistent increases in aboveground biomass. Over the 4 study years, aboveground biomass from compost- amended plots increased by 76% ± 21% at the valley grassland and 41% ± 21% at the coastal ...
... coastal prairie, which consisted of a mix of perennial and annual grasses and forbs. We observed large and persistent increases in aboveground biomass. Over the 4 study years, aboveground biomass from compost- amended plots increased by 76% ± 21% at the valley grassland and 41% ± 21% at the coastal ...
Linking Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Current Uncertainties and the Necessary Next Steps Forum
... 2 BioScience • XXXX XXXX / Vol. XX No. X ...
... 2 BioScience • XXXX XXXX / Vol. XX No. X ...
Ecological Succession
... the broken soil will rapidly invade the site and will become quickly and densely established. These invading plants are what we call "weeds“ in which we consider a nuisance or invaders. ...
... the broken soil will rapidly invade the site and will become quickly and densely established. These invading plants are what we call "weeds“ in which we consider a nuisance or invaders. ...
Pleistocene Park
Pleistocene Park (Russian: Плейстоценовый парк) is a nature reserve on the Kolyma River south of Chersky in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in northeastern Siberia, where an attempt is being made to recreate the northern subarctic steppe grassland ecosystem that flourished in the area during the last glacial period.The project is being led by Russian researcher Sergey Zimov, with hopes to back the hypothesis that overhunting, and not climate change, was primarily responsible for the extinction of wildlife and the disappearance of the grasslands at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.A further aim is to research the climatic effects of the expected changes in the ecosystem. Here the hypothesis is that the change from tundra to grassland will result in a raised ratio of energy emission to energy absorption of the area, leading to less thawing of permafrost and thereby less emission of greenhouse gases.To study this, large herbivores have been released, and their effect on the local fauna is being monitored. Preliminary results point at the ecologically low-grade tundra biome being converted into a productive grassland biome, and at the energy emission of the area being raised.A documentary is being produced about the park by an American journalist and filmmaker.