antoniadi_et_al._2015.
... endodermis and QC (pSCARECROW:GFP [pSCR:GFP] expression) and lateral root cap, columella, columella initials, and QC cells (M0028:GFP expression) as also shown in Figure 3A. Root protoplasts were isolated from 8-d-old Arabidopsis seedlings expressing GFP in the specific cell types mentioned above and ...
... endodermis and QC (pSCARECROW:GFP [pSCR:GFP] expression) and lateral root cap, columella, columella initials, and QC cells (M0028:GFP expression) as also shown in Figure 3A. Root protoplasts were isolated from 8-d-old Arabidopsis seedlings expressing GFP in the specific cell types mentioned above and ...
Ultrastructural studies of t /t mouse embryos
... mitochondrial variants. Both homozygotes can be distinguished from their litter-mates as early as the 2-cell stage by the presence of nuclear lipid droplets and excessive cytoplasmic lipid. In addition, both homozygous mutant embryos often contain binucleate cells, especially in the later cleavage s ...
... mitochondrial variants. Both homozygotes can be distinguished from their litter-mates as early as the 2-cell stage by the presence of nuclear lipid droplets and excessive cytoplasmic lipid. In addition, both homozygous mutant embryos often contain binucleate cells, especially in the later cleavage s ...
Presentation by Human Dendritic Cells Killed, and Processed for
... pathogenic yeast form that causes the clinical manifestations of histoplasmosis. The yeast cells are engulfed by resident alveolar macrophages (M), within which they subvert the normal hostile environment and multiply. The alveolar M are destroyed by the dividing yeasts and then are phagocytosed b ...
... pathogenic yeast form that causes the clinical manifestations of histoplasmosis. The yeast cells are engulfed by resident alveolar macrophages (M), within which they subvert the normal hostile environment and multiply. The alveolar M are destroyed by the dividing yeasts and then are phagocytosed b ...
Host Immune Modulation Mycobacterial Capsular Polysaccharides
... Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses a variety of immunomodulatory factors that influence the host immune response. When the bacillus encounters its target cell, the outermost components of its cell envelope are the first to interact. Mycobacteria, including M. tuberculosis, are surrounded by a loos ...
... Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses a variety of immunomodulatory factors that influence the host immune response. When the bacillus encounters its target cell, the outermost components of its cell envelope are the first to interact. Mycobacteria, including M. tuberculosis, are surrounded by a loos ...
Embryonic Stem Cell Culture Conditions Support Distinct States
... and culture conditions on both functional potency and ESC transcriptional identity. Individual ESCs cultured in either two small-molecule inhibitors (2i) or with knockout serum replacement (KOSR), but not serum, can generate high-level chimeras regardless of how these cells were derived. ESCs cultur ...
... and culture conditions on both functional potency and ESC transcriptional identity. Individual ESCs cultured in either two small-molecule inhibitors (2i) or with knockout serum replacement (KOSR), but not serum, can generate high-level chimeras regardless of how these cells were derived. ESCs cultur ...
Expression and immunogenicity of the entire human T cell
... these methods of prevention are ineffective and impractical; thus there is a need for additional interventional strategies such as vaccines to control the spread of HTLV-I infection. Efforts to develop a subunit vaccine against HTLV-I 0001-1127 © 1993 SGM ...
... these methods of prevention are ineffective and impractical; thus there is a need for additional interventional strategies such as vaccines to control the spread of HTLV-I infection. Efforts to develop a subunit vaccine against HTLV-I 0001-1127 © 1993 SGM ...
Sucrose Cleavage Pathways in Aspen Wood
... association of SUS proteins with plasma membrane (Amor et al., 1995), cell wall (Brill et al., 2011), mitochondria, cytosol, nuclei (Subbaiah et al., 2006), plastid (Nunez et al., 2008), tonoplast (Etxeberria & Gonzalez, 2003) and Golgi (Buckeridge et al., 1999) indicating to diverse functions of SU ...
... association of SUS proteins with plasma membrane (Amor et al., 1995), cell wall (Brill et al., 2011), mitochondria, cytosol, nuclei (Subbaiah et al., 2006), plastid (Nunez et al., 2008), tonoplast (Etxeberria & Gonzalez, 2003) and Golgi (Buckeridge et al., 1999) indicating to diverse functions of SU ...
Differential localization of LTA synthesis proteins and their
... that is retained within the membrane via a glycolipid. Using an immunofluorescence approach, we show here that the LTA polymer is not surface exposed in S. aureus, as it can only be detected after digestion of the peptidoglycan layer. S. aureus mutants lacking LTA are enlarged and show aberrant posi ...
... that is retained within the membrane via a glycolipid. Using an immunofluorescence approach, we show here that the LTA polymer is not surface exposed in S. aureus, as it can only be detected after digestion of the peptidoglycan layer. S. aureus mutants lacking LTA are enlarged and show aberrant posi ...
Physiological Structure and Single
... cells in the oceans. The question then arose as to how this activity was distributed among the 105 – 106 cells that are on average present in 1 mL of ocean water (Hoppe 1976; Stevenson 1978). Did all these cells have roughly the same level of metabolic activity, or was the bulk of bacterioplankton a ...
... cells in the oceans. The question then arose as to how this activity was distributed among the 105 – 106 cells that are on average present in 1 mL of ocean water (Hoppe 1976; Stevenson 1978). Did all these cells have roughly the same level of metabolic activity, or was the bulk of bacterioplankton a ...
Effect of topical rebamipide on goblet cells in the lid wiper of human
... Received October 25, 2016; Accepted December 7, 2016 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4390 Abstract. It has been demonstrated that topical administra‑ tion of rebamipide, which is an antiulcer agent, increases the mucin level of the tear film and ameliorates ocular surface conditions such as lid wiper epitheli ...
... Received October 25, 2016; Accepted December 7, 2016 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4390 Abstract. It has been demonstrated that topical administra‑ tion of rebamipide, which is an antiulcer agent, increases the mucin level of the tear film and ameliorates ocular surface conditions such as lid wiper epitheli ...
Live Imaging of Drosophila Brain Neuroblasts Reveals a Role for
... Drosophila differs from both Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. We conclude that Lis1/dynactin act together to regulate multiple, independent functions in mitotic cells, including spindle formation and cell cycle checkpoint release. ...
... Drosophila differs from both Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. We conclude that Lis1/dynactin act together to regulate multiple, independent functions in mitotic cells, including spindle formation and cell cycle checkpoint release. ...
Transcription Factor c-Rel B κ Regulation of the IL-21 Gene by the NF-
... T cells, especially in TFH cells, Th17 cells and NKT cells (1, 8– 10). The transcription factors (TFs) that have been implicated in IL-21 gene expression to date are NFATc2 and T-bet, which activate and repress IL-21, respectively (37, 38). However, IL-21 is still expressed in NFATc2-deficient mice, ...
... T cells, especially in TFH cells, Th17 cells and NKT cells (1, 8– 10). The transcription factors (TFs) that have been implicated in IL-21 gene expression to date are NFATc2 and T-bet, which activate and repress IL-21, respectively (37, 38). However, IL-21 is still expressed in NFATc2-deficient mice, ...
Individual-based modelling of growth and migration of Salmonella
... stochastic growth lag. Although considerable progress has been made in this field (McKellar and Knight, 2000; McKellar, 2001), information on lag phase distribution of individual bacteria remains uncertain, making it difficult to make a reasonable choice at this moment (Baranyi, 2002). For the same ...
... stochastic growth lag. Although considerable progress has been made in this field (McKellar and Knight, 2000; McKellar, 2001), information on lag phase distribution of individual bacteria remains uncertain, making it difficult to make a reasonable choice at this moment (Baranyi, 2002). For the same ...
Figure 6.1: Toluidine blue (TB) resin section illustrating the full
... cytoplasm confirming the presence of mucin and glycogen (Fig. 6.7 B). Bulging of the epithelial cell apices (Figs. 6.8 A & B) were noted in some regions and other areas presented with exocytosis of secretory granules (Fig. 6.7 B) or a total loss of cell apices (Figs. 6.9 A & B). More dark cells were ...
... cytoplasm confirming the presence of mucin and glycogen (Fig. 6.7 B). Bulging of the epithelial cell apices (Figs. 6.8 A & B) were noted in some regions and other areas presented with exocytosis of secretory granules (Fig. 6.7 B) or a total loss of cell apices (Figs. 6.9 A & B). More dark cells were ...
Roles of ion channels and transporters in guard cell signal
... and Arabidopsis show that blue light activates the H+-ATPase through a phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation-based mechanism [6,7]. When inactive, the C terminus of the H+-ATPase acts as an autoinhibitory domain. Upon blue light illumination, a type 1 protein phosphatase is activated [8] which, via an ...
... and Arabidopsis show that blue light activates the H+-ATPase through a phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation-based mechanism [6,7]. When inactive, the C terminus of the H+-ATPase acts as an autoinhibitory domain. Upon blue light illumination, a type 1 protein phosphatase is activated [8] which, via an ...
SEDS proteins are a widespread family of bacterial
... recently discovered to make PG32–35 or encode an essential lipid II biosynthetic pathway36. In all cases, these organisms contain at least one SEDS family member and a bPBP, and we hypothesize that the assembly of their cell wall is mediated by these enzymes. On the basis of these and previous find ...
... recently discovered to make PG32–35 or encode an essential lipid II biosynthetic pathway36. In all cases, these organisms contain at least one SEDS family member and a bPBP, and we hypothesize that the assembly of their cell wall is mediated by these enzymes. On the basis of these and previous find ...
Regulation of plasmodesmal transport by phosphorylation of
... methylesterases (PMEs) (Dorokhov et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2000). Based on these observations, MP was proposed to form complexes with the transported genomic TMV RNA, move these complexes throughout the cell using the cytoskeletal network, associate with the cell wall PMEs, increase plasmodesmal pe ...
... methylesterases (PMEs) (Dorokhov et al., 1999; Chen et al., 2000). Based on these observations, MP was proposed to form complexes with the transported genomic TMV RNA, move these complexes throughout the cell using the cytoskeletal network, associate with the cell wall PMEs, increase plasmodesmal pe ...
Altered Cell Fate in LiCI-Treated Sea Urchin Embryos
... of End016 in vegetalized embryos. Cultures were exposed to various concentrations of LiCl as detailed under Materials and Methods. Embryos were collected at 28 hr (late mesenchyme blastula, panel G), 36 hr (midgastrula stage; A, B, and C) and at 84 hr (pluteus larva stage; D, E, and F). Whole mounts ...
... of End016 in vegetalized embryos. Cultures were exposed to various concentrations of LiCl as detailed under Materials and Methods. Embryos were collected at 28 hr (late mesenchyme blastula, panel G), 36 hr (midgastrula stage; A, B, and C) and at 84 hr (pluteus larva stage; D, E, and F). Whole mounts ...
Growth and killing of a Salmonella enterica serovar
... their survival and replication within the host cells. Some survive and replicate within a membrane-bound vacuole modified by the bacteria to support microbial growth (e.g. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium), whereas others escape from the vacuole into the host cell cytosol, where they prolifer ...
... their survival and replication within the host cells. Some survive and replicate within a membrane-bound vacuole modified by the bacteria to support microbial growth (e.g. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium), whereas others escape from the vacuole into the host cell cytosol, where they prolifer ...
The Nimrod transmembrane receptor Eater is
... attached to the internal surface of the larval body wall, forming patches, some of which are closely associated with secretory cells called oenocytes, as well as the endings of peripheral neurons (Makhijani et al., 2011; Makki et al., 2014). Hemocytes continuously exchange between sessile patches an ...
... attached to the internal surface of the larval body wall, forming patches, some of which are closely associated with secretory cells called oenocytes, as well as the endings of peripheral neurons (Makhijani et al., 2011; Makki et al., 2014). Hemocytes continuously exchange between sessile patches an ...
Inhibition of TCR Signaling by Herpes Simplex Virus
... the CTL release granules that induce apoptosis in the infected target cell. To inhibit this pathway, the HSV gene products of US3 and US5 inhibit apoptosis induced by CTL via the granzyme B and Fas pathways (15, 16). Although HSV-infected cells can evade T cell recognition and inhibit T cell-induced ...
... the CTL release granules that induce apoptosis in the infected target cell. To inhibit this pathway, the HSV gene products of US3 and US5 inhibit apoptosis induced by CTL via the granzyme B and Fas pathways (15, 16). Although HSV-infected cells can evade T cell recognition and inhibit T cell-induced ...
Production Which Suppress T Cells through Adenosine Cancer
... impairs maturation and function of dendritic cells, but these effects are mediated principally through the A2B receptor (29). We recently showed that CD73 is expressed by nanometer-sized vesicles called exosomes, secreted by human bladder cancer cells (30). In this report, we address the hypothesis ...
... impairs maturation and function of dendritic cells, but these effects are mediated principally through the A2B receptor (29). We recently showed that CD73 is expressed by nanometer-sized vesicles called exosomes, secreted by human bladder cancer cells (30). In this report, we address the hypothesis ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.