fermentation - PharmaStreet
... •Bacteria, Actinomycetes, viruses & fungi can be used •Industrial Biotechnology: the process by which large quantities of cells are grown under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. •The industrial microorganisms are grown under controlled conditions with an aim of optimizing the growth of the organism ...
... •Bacteria, Actinomycetes, viruses & fungi can be used •Industrial Biotechnology: the process by which large quantities of cells are grown under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. •The industrial microorganisms are grown under controlled conditions with an aim of optimizing the growth of the organism ...
Nuclear Reprogramming and Its Role in Vascular Smooth Muscle
... expected feature of an atherosclerotic lesion derived from a tiny population of resident or recruited stem-like cells is clonality. Experiments using X-chromosome inactivation as a marker of clonality have been inconclusive, since normal arteries are composed of patches of highly similar VSMCs [14]. ...
... expected feature of an atherosclerotic lesion derived from a tiny population of resident or recruited stem-like cells is clonality. Experiments using X-chromosome inactivation as a marker of clonality have been inconclusive, since normal arteries are composed of patches of highly similar VSMCs [14]. ...
Evolutionary aspects of non-cell-autonomous regulation in vascular
... tenths to hundreds of nanometers in diameter which connect adjacent cells providing continuity of their cytoplasm and plasma membranes, and in most cases also continuity of their endoplasmic compartments and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes due to the presence of the desmotubules. In multicellul ...
... tenths to hundreds of nanometers in diameter which connect adjacent cells providing continuity of their cytoplasm and plasma membranes, and in most cases also continuity of their endoplasmic compartments and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes due to the presence of the desmotubules. In multicellul ...
Homeostasis and Transport
... 1. What is the phospholipid bilayer? How does the structure of a phospholipid relate to its function in plasma membranes? The phospholipid bilayer is a double layer of lipids which form into membranes. Phospholipids have a polar head and a nonpolar tail. The watery environment outside of cells cause ...
... 1. What is the phospholipid bilayer? How does the structure of a phospholipid relate to its function in plasma membranes? The phospholipid bilayer is a double layer of lipids which form into membranes. Phospholipids have a polar head and a nonpolar tail. The watery environment outside of cells cause ...
Cell Lines as In Vitro Models for Drug Screening and Toxicity Studies
... some of which can be quite complex in their composition. These demands, along with difficulties in obtaining adequate tissue amounts, have prompted interest in developing immortalized cell lines which can provide unlimited tissue amounts. However, cell lines tend to exhibit problems in stability and ...
... some of which can be quite complex in their composition. These demands, along with difficulties in obtaining adequate tissue amounts, have prompted interest in developing immortalized cell lines which can provide unlimited tissue amounts. However, cell lines tend to exhibit problems in stability and ...
``Biology of Cultured Cells``. In: Culture of Animal Cells, 5th Edition
... Subsequently, it was shown that cells would attach to some plastics, such as polystyrene, if the plastic was appropriately treated with an electric ion discharge or high-energy ionizing radiation. We now know that cell adhesion is mediated by specific cell surface receptors for molecules in the extr ...
... Subsequently, it was shown that cells would attach to some plastics, such as polystyrene, if the plastic was appropriately treated with an electric ion discharge or high-energy ionizing radiation. We now know that cell adhesion is mediated by specific cell surface receptors for molecules in the extr ...
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... Plant chemistry became an established university discipline at the end of the 19th century; since then many new structures have been discovered. The number of natural products obtained from plants exceeds 100,000 and each year new chemical compounds are discovered. Although the functions of some pla ...
... Plant chemistry became an established university discipline at the end of the 19th century; since then many new structures have been discovered. The number of natural products obtained from plants exceeds 100,000 and each year new chemical compounds are discovered. Although the functions of some pla ...
Plant Vegetative Development: From Seed and Embryo to Shoot
... which they synthesize energy-rich nutrients from carbon dioxide and sunlight and acquire water and inorganic elements from the soil. Unlike animals, plants cannot move from place to place to seek out better sources of water and nutrients. Thus, to maintain their supply of these raw materials, plants ...
... which they synthesize energy-rich nutrients from carbon dioxide and sunlight and acquire water and inorganic elements from the soil. Unlike animals, plants cannot move from place to place to seek out better sources of water and nutrients. Thus, to maintain their supply of these raw materials, plants ...
The role of cell cycle–regulated expression in the
... homologous plasma membrane glycoproteins that appear to mark the distal and proximal cell poles, respectively, as potential sites for budding in the bipolar pattern. Here we provide evidence that Bud8p is delivered to the presumptive bud site (and thence to the distal pole of the bud) just before bu ...
... homologous plasma membrane glycoproteins that appear to mark the distal and proximal cell poles, respectively, as potential sites for budding in the bipolar pattern. Here we provide evidence that Bud8p is delivered to the presumptive bud site (and thence to the distal pole of the bud) just before bu ...
Recent Advances in Application of Tissue Engineering to Cancer
... of tumour cells and closely resemble the drug resistance offered by solid tumours in vivo [9]. The reason for this is tumour cells when cultured in 3D in the presence of ECM change shape, lose polarity and form disorganized proliferative masses or aggregates similar to those seen in tumour progressi ...
... of tumour cells and closely resemble the drug resistance offered by solid tumours in vivo [9]. The reason for this is tumour cells when cultured in 3D in the presence of ECM change shape, lose polarity and form disorganized proliferative masses or aggregates similar to those seen in tumour progressi ...
Structurally related TPR subunits contribute differently to the function
... for the Drosophila homologue of Apc5 has been cloned and characterised. Mutant alleles of ida show a characteristic mitotic phenotype suggesting that this subunit controls some sub-functions of the APC/C (Bentley et al., 2002). The Apc3 (also known as Cdc27 or Mks; hereafter referred to as Apc3/Cdc2 ...
... for the Drosophila homologue of Apc5 has been cloned and characterised. Mutant alleles of ida show a characteristic mitotic phenotype suggesting that this subunit controls some sub-functions of the APC/C (Bentley et al., 2002). The Apc3 (also known as Cdc27 or Mks; hereafter referred to as Apc3/Cdc2 ...
Lecture Herbicide x Plant Interactions Absorption and Translocation
... energy released from conversion of ATP to ADP by ATPase used to pump hydrogen (H+) ions to the outside of the cell, which affects pH Cells can therefore maintain a difference in pH across the plasma membrane. pH outside the cell is lower at 5.0 to 5.5 (higher H+ concentration) vs. inside the cell at ...
... energy released from conversion of ATP to ADP by ATPase used to pump hydrogen (H+) ions to the outside of the cell, which affects pH Cells can therefore maintain a difference in pH across the plasma membrane. pH outside the cell is lower at 5.0 to 5.5 (higher H+ concentration) vs. inside the cell at ...
A Key Enzyme in the Biogenesis of Lysosomes Is a
... resulting in missorting and intracellular deficiencies of multiple lysosomal hydrolases, and lysosomal storage of nondegraded material, which are used as diagnostic markers in MLII patients (6). Clinically, these patients are characterized by skeletal abnormalities, chondrodysplasia, cardiomegaly, a ...
... resulting in missorting and intracellular deficiencies of multiple lysosomal hydrolases, and lysosomal storage of nondegraded material, which are used as diagnostic markers in MLII patients (6). Clinically, these patients are characterized by skeletal abnormalities, chondrodysplasia, cardiomegaly, a ...
Batteries (cells with spontaneous redox reactions)
... Can’t recharge because Zn2+ diffuses away. Acidic NH4+ corrodes Zn, leading to poor shelf life. ...
... Can’t recharge because Zn2+ diffuses away. Acidic NH4+ corrodes Zn, leading to poor shelf life. ...
Cytoskeletal control of plant cell shape: getting the fine points
... conical shapes of petal epidermal cells affect their optical properties so as to enhance coloration. The shapes of plant cells are de®ned by their walls, and are acquired during development according to the patterns in which walls expand during organ and cell growth. Cell expansion depends on the ab ...
... conical shapes of petal epidermal cells affect their optical properties so as to enhance coloration. The shapes of plant cells are de®ned by their walls, and are acquired during development according to the patterns in which walls expand during organ and cell growth. Cell expansion depends on the ab ...
Vacuole metabolites
... Proteins found in the tonoplast (aquaporins) control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole through active transport, pumping potassium (K+) ions into and out of the vacuolar interior. Due to osmosis, water will diffuse into the vacuole, placing pressure on the cell wall. If water loss leads ...
... Proteins found in the tonoplast (aquaporins) control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole through active transport, pumping potassium (K+) ions into and out of the vacuolar interior. Due to osmosis, water will diffuse into the vacuole, placing pressure on the cell wall. If water loss leads ...
ATK1 is required for male meiotic spindle
... congression at the equator (Hoyt and Geiser, 1996). After the separation of homologs at meiosis I, or of sister chromatids at meiosis II and mitosis, movement of chromosomes to the poles depends on the kinetochore microtubules. The elongation of the spindle with extension of non-kinetochore microtub ...
... congression at the equator (Hoyt and Geiser, 1996). After the separation of homologs at meiosis I, or of sister chromatids at meiosis II and mitosis, movement of chromosomes to the poles depends on the kinetochore microtubules. The elongation of the spindle with extension of non-kinetochore microtub ...
Transport of substances in and out of the cell
... Definition :Diffusion is the process by which a substance moves from a region of high concentration of that substance to a region of low concentration of the same substance. It is the dispersion of atoms, ions or molecules by random thermal motion (kinetic energy) until these particles are equally d ...
... Definition :Diffusion is the process by which a substance moves from a region of high concentration of that substance to a region of low concentration of the same substance. It is the dispersion of atoms, ions or molecules by random thermal motion (kinetic energy) until these particles are equally d ...
Mechanisms of endothelial cell swelling from lactacidosis studied in
... The data accumulated herein indeed confirm former in vivo observations that extracellular acidosis may promote endothelial swelling (15). To understand the mechanisms of endothelial swelling, we have to assume the following sequence of events. Extracellular acidosis leads to an influx of acid equiva ...
... The data accumulated herein indeed confirm former in vivo observations that extracellular acidosis may promote endothelial swelling (15). To understand the mechanisms of endothelial swelling, we have to assume the following sequence of events. Extracellular acidosis leads to an influx of acid equiva ...
THE PLAY ABOUT A PLANT CELL, AN ANIMAL CELL, AND A
... Nucleus: (looking around)Organelles, organelles…(clapping hands)Let’s go, let’s go. Get back to work. No slacking. I am checking our stats and we are getting low….on EVERYTHING!!!! We need to go, go, go!!!! Cell membrane: Well, there’s the boss. She is always telling us what to do! Oxy: Wow, she is ...
... Nucleus: (looking around)Organelles, organelles…(clapping hands)Let’s go, let’s go. Get back to work. No slacking. I am checking our stats and we are getting low….on EVERYTHING!!!! We need to go, go, go!!!! Cell membrane: Well, there’s the boss. She is always telling us what to do! Oxy: Wow, she is ...
Evolutionary cell biology: Two origins, one objective
... Similar questions arise about the biophysical properties of supermolecular structures, such as microtubules, actin filaments, and the endomembrane systems of eukaryotic cells (9). The self-assembly of lipid bilayers emerges spontaneously from the biophysical properties of amphiphilic molecules, and ...
... Similar questions arise about the biophysical properties of supermolecular structures, such as microtubules, actin filaments, and the endomembrane systems of eukaryotic cells (9). The self-assembly of lipid bilayers emerges spontaneously from the biophysical properties of amphiphilic molecules, and ...
CHAPTER 5 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
... 2. Carrier proteins are membrane proteins that combine with and transport only one type of molecule or ion; they are believed to undergo a change in shape to move the molecule across the membrane. 3. Facilitated transport is the transport of a specific solute “down” or “with” its concentration gradi ...
... 2. Carrier proteins are membrane proteins that combine with and transport only one type of molecule or ion; they are believed to undergo a change in shape to move the molecule across the membrane. 3. Facilitated transport is the transport of a specific solute “down” or “with” its concentration gradi ...
Estrogens LH
... Binding of the sperm to ZP3 molecules in the zona pellucida causes rise in calcium levels within the sperm, triggering the acrosomal reaction Acrosomal enzymes digest holes through the zona pellucida clearing a path to the oocyte membrane The sperm forms an acrosomal process, which binds to the oocy ...
... Binding of the sperm to ZP3 molecules in the zona pellucida causes rise in calcium levels within the sperm, triggering the acrosomal reaction Acrosomal enzymes digest holes through the zona pellucida clearing a path to the oocyte membrane The sperm forms an acrosomal process, which binds to the oocy ...
Cell Structure and Function
... function in living things. Cells vary in their shape size, and arrangements but all cells have similar components, each with a particular function. Some of the 100 trillion of cells make up human body. All human cell are microscopic in size, shape and function. The diameter range from 7.5 micrometer ...
... function in living things. Cells vary in their shape size, and arrangements but all cells have similar components, each with a particular function. Some of the 100 trillion of cells make up human body. All human cell are microscopic in size, shape and function. The diameter range from 7.5 micrometer ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.