Measuring the stiffness of bacterial cells from growth
... lated E. coli cells using the redox indicator 5-cyano 2,3ditolyltetrazolium chloride. Encapsulated cells only slightly elongated after 90 min but nevertheless remained metabolically active (Fig. S4). To ascertain whether cellular uptake of small molecules was affected by gel strength, we measured th ...
... lated E. coli cells using the redox indicator 5-cyano 2,3ditolyltetrazolium chloride. Encapsulated cells only slightly elongated after 90 min but nevertheless remained metabolically active (Fig. S4). To ascertain whether cellular uptake of small molecules was affected by gel strength, we measured th ...
The functions of cell wall polysaccharides in composition and
... loss of fucose meant loss of this function, and a compromised XyG-cellulose binding would be expected to result in loss of cell wall strength. However, mur2 and mur3 plants, despite complete loss of the trisaccharide function, are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type in every respect, and ...
... loss of fucose meant loss of this function, and a compromised XyG-cellulose binding would be expected to result in loss of cell wall strength. However, mur2 and mur3 plants, despite complete loss of the trisaccharide function, are phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type in every respect, and ...
Hijacking of eukaryotic functions by intracellular bacterial pathogens
... Yersinia invasion directed by either invasin or YadA relies on tyrosine and Ser/Thr protein kinases as well as activation of PI3-K [17]. Other host targets hijacked during the entry process are Rac1 and the Arp2/3 complex, which has been implicated in actin recruitment [1]. Synthesis of Inv and YadA ...
... Yersinia invasion directed by either invasin or YadA relies on tyrosine and Ser/Thr protein kinases as well as activation of PI3-K [17]. Other host targets hijacked during the entry process are Rac1 and the Arp2/3 complex, which has been implicated in actin recruitment [1]. Synthesis of Inv and YadA ...
Time of origin and distribution of a new cell type in the rat cerebellar
... identified in the granular layer a class of short-latency units, called G units, that were in some instances fired from a single ampulla. Although Wilson and his collaborators suggested that their sample of G units represented mossy fiber endings, and included granule cells and Golgi cells, it is ag ...
... identified in the granular layer a class of short-latency units, called G units, that were in some instances fired from a single ampulla. Although Wilson and his collaborators suggested that their sample of G units represented mossy fiber endings, and included granule cells and Golgi cells, it is ag ...
49 Localization of enzymes in certain secretory cells of Helix
... throughout the cytoplasm with no particular distribution, also hydrolyse /3-glycerophosphate at an acidic pH. These spheroids have the same size range and distribution as the j8-bodies and occasionally they have 'internal satellites' that also contain acid phosphatase activity. Often these spheroids ...
... throughout the cytoplasm with no particular distribution, also hydrolyse /3-glycerophosphate at an acidic pH. These spheroids have the same size range and distribution as the j8-bodies and occasionally they have 'internal satellites' that also contain acid phosphatase activity. Often these spheroids ...
Distinct fluorescent pattern of KAT1::GFP in the plasma membrane of
... mammalian cell lines and yeast. These mechanisms include the lateral separation of specific membrane lipid species (i.e. mainly cholesterol and glycosphingolipids) which leads to the formation of specialised microdomains, so-called lipid rafts. Certain proteins accumulate in these microdomains (e.g. ...
... mammalian cell lines and yeast. These mechanisms include the lateral separation of specific membrane lipid species (i.e. mainly cholesterol and glycosphingolipids) which leads to the formation of specialised microdomains, so-called lipid rafts. Certain proteins accumulate in these microdomains (e.g. ...
Cell size: a consequence of growth and division?
... division. In model four, division, which decreases cell size past a particular threshold, triggers cell growth. In each of the above cases, growth and cell division are regulated such that when a cell enters mitosis it has achieved the appropriate size. These mechanisms are not all mutually exclusiv ...
... division. In model four, division, which decreases cell size past a particular threshold, triggers cell growth. In each of the above cases, growth and cell division are regulated such that when a cell enters mitosis it has achieved the appropriate size. These mechanisms are not all mutually exclusiv ...
Concentration gradient
... – transport substances much more slowly across a membrane compared to channels • the maximum rate at which these proteins can transport substances across a membrane is limited by how fast they can change shapes • Pumps hydrolyze a molecule of ATP and use the energy to transport substances across the ...
... – transport substances much more slowly across a membrane compared to channels • the maximum rate at which these proteins can transport substances across a membrane is limited by how fast they can change shapes • Pumps hydrolyze a molecule of ATP and use the energy to transport substances across the ...
juls link suggest
... investigate global PS levels were unsuccessful. The study reveals that high PS levels result in impaired cell growth and PS accumulation in intracellular structures. ...
... investigate global PS levels were unsuccessful. The study reveals that high PS levels result in impaired cell growth and PS accumulation in intracellular structures. ...
Roles of 14-3-3 and calmodulin binding in subcellular localization
... been explored and they include the regulation of VDCC (voltagedependent Ca2+ channel) activity and cell-shape remodelling. Ca2+ channels allow Ca2+ entry into cells upon membrane depolarization to regulate processes such as gene expression, muscle contraction, hormone secretion and synaptic transmis ...
... been explored and they include the regulation of VDCC (voltagedependent Ca2+ channel) activity and cell-shape remodelling. Ca2+ channels allow Ca2+ entry into cells upon membrane depolarization to regulate processes such as gene expression, muscle contraction, hormone secretion and synaptic transmis ...
knockout, knock-in, and conditional mutant mice
... The frequency of homologous recombination depends on the degree of sequence match and the length of the matching sequences (11, 12). Greater than 7 kilobases of DNA of perfect sequence match usually is needed to obtain homologous recombination at practical frequencies. The relationship between seque ...
... The frequency of homologous recombination depends on the degree of sequence match and the length of the matching sequences (11, 12). Greater than 7 kilobases of DNA of perfect sequence match usually is needed to obtain homologous recombination at practical frequencies. The relationship between seque ...
Adjustment of Host Cells for Accommodation of
... We selected for our studies the model legume Medicago truncatula. M. truncatula nodules have a persistent meristem; as a result, the nodule is composed of zones representing subsequent stages of development. The apical part of the nodule consists of the meristem and the infection zone. At this site, ...
... We selected for our studies the model legume Medicago truncatula. M. truncatula nodules have a persistent meristem; as a result, the nodule is composed of zones representing subsequent stages of development. The apical part of the nodule consists of the meristem and the infection zone. At this site, ...
PDF
... and, as a consequence, the eukaryote can easily reoxidize its reduced electron acceptors and profit from an energetically favourable situation. The question arises as to where the reduction equivalents are produced, as hydrogen or formate, in the Mastigella cell. Except for P. palustris and the now ...
... and, as a consequence, the eukaryote can easily reoxidize its reduced electron acceptors and profit from an energetically favourable situation. The question arises as to where the reduction equivalents are produced, as hydrogen or formate, in the Mastigella cell. Except for P. palustris and the now ...
O A RIGINAL
... was not inhibited by the sensitizing antigen. The conclusion of their studies was that two types of cell migration were required to produce inhibition of cell migration by an antigen. One cell type should be sensitive lymphocytes, the other macrophages which need not of necessity originate from a hy ...
... was not inhibited by the sensitizing antigen. The conclusion of their studies was that two types of cell migration were required to produce inhibition of cell migration by an antigen. One cell type should be sensitive lymphocytes, the other macrophages which need not of necessity originate from a hy ...
Plant Cytokinesis Is Orchestrated by the Sequential Action of the
... The TRAPPII complex is required for cell plate biogenesis, and the exocyst is required for cell plate maturation. The TRAPPII complex sorts plasma membrane proteins, including exocyst subunits, at the cell plate throughout cytokinesis. We show that the two tethering complexes physically interact and ...
... The TRAPPII complex is required for cell plate biogenesis, and the exocyst is required for cell plate maturation. The TRAPPII complex sorts plasma membrane proteins, including exocyst subunits, at the cell plate throughout cytokinesis. We show that the two tethering complexes physically interact and ...
PDF
... fate maps were readily accepted, and have formed the basis of interpretation of much embryological work since then. This was unfortunate, for they are wrong. It was correct to place the notochordal primordium in the embryonic surface, but the mesoderm lies beneath, in the interior, as stated above. ...
... fate maps were readily accepted, and have formed the basis of interpretation of much embryological work since then. This was unfortunate, for they are wrong. It was correct to place the notochordal primordium in the embryonic surface, but the mesoderm lies beneath, in the interior, as stated above. ...
Parathyroid Gland – Introduction
... Tinctorial properties of the cytoplasm vary, and the presence of clear or dark cells reflects different functional status of the chief cells. Chief cells in the mouse parathyroid may be clear or dark, with an increase in clear cells in older mice. Cytoplasmic volume or nuclear density of the chief c ...
... Tinctorial properties of the cytoplasm vary, and the presence of clear or dark cells reflects different functional status of the chief cells. Chief cells in the mouse parathyroid may be clear or dark, with an increase in clear cells in older mice. Cytoplasmic volume or nuclear density of the chief c ...
FEMS Microbiology Ecology 33
... of two proteins, 47 and 18 kDa, and an decreased concentration in two others, 23, and 33 kDa (Fig. 4C, lanes A^ E). Cells starved in H2 O showed an increase in abundance of two proteins of 47 and 28 kDa and a decrease in concentration in one of 30 kDa (Fig. 4D, lanes A^D). Two proteins of 39 and 48 ...
... of two proteins, 47 and 18 kDa, and an decreased concentration in two others, 23, and 33 kDa (Fig. 4C, lanes A^ E). Cells starved in H2 O showed an increase in abundance of two proteins of 47 and 28 kDa and a decrease in concentration in one of 30 kDa (Fig. 4D, lanes A^D). Two proteins of 39 and 48 ...
Discovering pluripotency: 30 years of mouse embryonic stem cells
... cells, which had hitherto been regarded as abnormal cancer cells with the peculiar property of being able to differentiate, were essentially early embryonic cells out of context 13. The realization that EC cells are homologous to normal early embryonic cells was also reached through findings from ...
... cells, which had hitherto been regarded as abnormal cancer cells with the peculiar property of being able to differentiate, were essentially early embryonic cells out of context 13. The realization that EC cells are homologous to normal early embryonic cells was also reached through findings from ...
Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play
... INTRODUCTION In angiosperms, cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast, an apparatus containing a framework of microtubules, together with actin microfilaments and membranous organelles (Staehelin and Hepler, 1996). In the phragmoplast, microtubules are organized in two mirrored sets: their p ...
... INTRODUCTION In angiosperms, cytokinesis is brought about by the phragmoplast, an apparatus containing a framework of microtubules, together with actin microfilaments and membranous organelles (Staehelin and Hepler, 1996). In the phragmoplast, microtubules are organized in two mirrored sets: their p ...
Chapter 4
... Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells (< 5 µm long) Are very reproductively successful and so are more abundant Have a simple internal structure Surrounded by a stiff cell wall, which provides shape and protection Can take the shape of rods, spheres, or helices Copyright ...
... Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells (< 5 µm long) Are very reproductively successful and so are more abundant Have a simple internal structure Surrounded by a stiff cell wall, which provides shape and protection Can take the shape of rods, spheres, or helices Copyright ...
Extracellular Matrix Components Regulate Cellular Polarity and
... the surface are symmetric, whereas those being parallel to the neuroepithelial surface are asymmetric.[21] During early retinal development, the typical cell division is symmetric, resulting in two identical progenitor cells and leading to an increase in the pool of proliferating cells. The duration ...
... the surface are symmetric, whereas those being parallel to the neuroepithelial surface are asymmetric.[21] During early retinal development, the typical cell division is symmetric, resulting in two identical progenitor cells and leading to an increase in the pool of proliferating cells. The duration ...
Connective tissue elements. During development of both exocrine
... accumulate in the apical end of the cell and push the nucleus and most of the remaining cytoplasm toward the base. Thus, the cell assumes a goblet shape. The mucin droplets become closely packed but remain membrane-bounded and separate until they escape by exocytosis from the apical end of the cell. ...
... accumulate in the apical end of the cell and push the nucleus and most of the remaining cytoplasm toward the base. Thus, the cell assumes a goblet shape. The mucin droplets become closely packed but remain membrane-bounded and separate until they escape by exocytosis from the apical end of the cell. ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.