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History of psychopharmacology
History of psychopharmacology

... History of Psychopharmacology by Evan Kemp Psychopharmacology originated in the early nineteenth century with the recreational and experimental human use of organic drugs and medicines (Muller, Fletcher, & Steinberg, 2006). Plant-derivatives such as tea and opium were freely accessible in the orient ...
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Hereditary Cancer Syndromes IntelligeneDx is a CLIA certified
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Present and Future of Pharmacogenomics (slideshow)
Present and Future of Pharmacogenomics (slideshow)

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... the end of the 80s, the causal genes coding for debrisoquine hydroxylase, or CYP2D6, had been cloned and characterized, inaugurating what we now know as pharmacogenomics. Pharmacogenomics focuses on the link between structural polymorphism in genes and variable response to drugs, or more generally, ...
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... ii. The potential financial burden on the patient is yet another concern. While manufacturers may provide the experimental drugs for free, they are not required to do so. Similarly, insurers could agree to do the same, but are also not required to do so. This leaves the patient or their estate (but ...
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Patient Access to Affordable Treatments

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... Yvette, a new patient, has been diagnosed by the physician as hypertensive. The physician has prescribed two new medications for her to take. Yvette is also taking several other medications for osteoarthritis and allergies; these were prescribed by another physician, but she cannot remember all of t ...
The Drug Discovery Process
The Drug Discovery Process

...  Develop an assay to evaluate activity of compounds on the target - in vitro (e.g. enzyme assay) - in vivo (animal model or pharmacodynamic assay) ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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