Reconciling an archaeal origin of eukaryotes with engulfment: a
... Fig. 1. Panels A and B. Possible phylogenetic relationships between eukaryotes and archaea. A. Eukaryotes and Archaea are each monophyletic. B. Eukaryotes as a derived group emerging within the Archaea. The specific topology shown is the Eocyte tree. Note that, under the Eocyte hypothesis, Eukaryot ...
... Fig. 1. Panels A and B. Possible phylogenetic relationships between eukaryotes and archaea. A. Eukaryotes and Archaea are each monophyletic. B. Eukaryotes as a derived group emerging within the Archaea. The specific topology shown is the Eocyte tree. Note that, under the Eocyte hypothesis, Eukaryot ...
Sugar signals and the control of plant growth and
... activity, thereby allowing growth and development (Fig. 1) (Zhang et al., 2009; O’Hara et al., 2012; Schluepmann et al., 2012). Short-term sink limitations induced by cold treatment or nitrogen deprivation inhibit growth and lead to an accumulation of sucrose and T6P in Arabidopsis. SnRK1 marker ge ...
... activity, thereby allowing growth and development (Fig. 1) (Zhang et al., 2009; O’Hara et al., 2012; Schluepmann et al., 2012). Short-term sink limitations induced by cold treatment or nitrogen deprivation inhibit growth and lead to an accumulation of sucrose and T6P in Arabidopsis. SnRK1 marker ge ...
Positive Regulation of IκB Kinase Signaling by Protein
... These functional results, together with data shown, further reinforce the model that PP2A binds to IKK, facilitating the induction of IκB kinase activity, targeted degradation of IκB, and release of NF-κB to its nuclear site of action. Instead, our studies support the idea that this region of IKKγ i ...
... These functional results, together with data shown, further reinforce the model that PP2A binds to IKK, facilitating the induction of IκB kinase activity, targeted degradation of IκB, and release of NF-κB to its nuclear site of action. Instead, our studies support the idea that this region of IKKγ i ...
the far c-terminus of tpx2 contributes to spindle morphogenesis
... phenomenon called dynamic instability – a process in which microtubules switch ...
... phenomenon called dynamic instability – a process in which microtubules switch ...
The Nucleolus under Stress
... nucleolus and the Cajal body, respond to stress. The nucleolus senses stress and is a central hub for coordinating the stress response. We review nucleolar function in the stress-induced regulation of p53 and the specific changes in nucleolar morphology and composition that occur upon stress. Crosst ...
... nucleolus and the Cajal body, respond to stress. The nucleolus senses stress and is a central hub for coordinating the stress response. We review nucleolar function in the stress-induced regulation of p53 and the specific changes in nucleolar morphology and composition that occur upon stress. Crosst ...
Role of experience and oscillations in transforming a rate code into
... the cell in Fig. 3a are 7.4 times more strongly correlated with position than spikes at low phases. As a population, the correlation with position was 2.5 times stronger for high phases than low phases (Fig. 3f). The residual precession at low phases could arise because the theta rhythm is not purel ...
... the cell in Fig. 3a are 7.4 times more strongly correlated with position than spikes at low phases. As a population, the correlation with position was 2.5 times stronger for high phases than low phases (Fig. 3f). The residual precession at low phases could arise because the theta rhythm is not purel ...
Diatoms
... Diatoms grow hydrated silica “shells” to protect themselves from harm. These cell walls often form in two pieces that fit together like a box and a lid. There is a wide diversity in how they look. Tiny pores in the silica allow for gas exchange Different types of diatoms ...
... Diatoms grow hydrated silica “shells” to protect themselves from harm. These cell walls often form in two pieces that fit together like a box and a lid. There is a wide diversity in how they look. Tiny pores in the silica allow for gas exchange Different types of diatoms ...
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... bitscore values) Dh showed maximum similarity with P. edulis (temperate bamboo) proteins compared to other species. Transcription factors act as molecular control of gene expression, regulating spatial, and temporal expression during various kinds of environmental responses (Nakashima et al., 2009; ...
... bitscore values) Dh showed maximum similarity with P. edulis (temperate bamboo) proteins compared to other species. Transcription factors act as molecular control of gene expression, regulating spatial, and temporal expression during various kinds of environmental responses (Nakashima et al., 2009; ...
Expression of the Nucleus-Encoded Chloroplast Division Genes and
... synchronization of the endosymbiotic and host cell division events was a critical step in establishing a permanent endosymbiotic relationship, such as is commonly seen in existing algae. In the majority of algal species, chloroplasts divide once per specific period of the host cell division cycle. I ...
... synchronization of the endosymbiotic and host cell division events was a critical step in establishing a permanent endosymbiotic relationship, such as is commonly seen in existing algae. In the majority of algal species, chloroplasts divide once per specific period of the host cell division cycle. I ...
Speciation of Small Molecules and Inorganic Ions in Salmon Egg
... metalloproteins, metalloenzymes, small molecular organicmetal complexes, or inorganic ions in animal cells have not yet been performed. In the present authors’ laboratory, the CHAPS-coated ODS (octadecylsilica) column was developed as a surfactantmediated separation column by adsorbing CHAPS (3-[(3c ...
... metalloproteins, metalloenzymes, small molecular organicmetal complexes, or inorganic ions in animal cells have not yet been performed. In the present authors’ laboratory, the CHAPS-coated ODS (octadecylsilica) column was developed as a surfactantmediated separation column by adsorbing CHAPS (3-[(3c ...
Lesson Overview
... their shape, a process that makes use of cytoplasmic projections known as pseudopods. The cytoplasm of the amoeba, for example, streams into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows. This type of locomotion is called amoeboid and is found in many protists. ...
... their shape, a process that makes use of cytoplasmic projections known as pseudopods. The cytoplasm of the amoeba, for example, streams into the pseudopod and the rest of the cell follows. This type of locomotion is called amoeboid and is found in many protists. ...
Distinct cathepsins control necrotic cell death
... Downloaded by [Yeshiva University Libraries - Cardozo - Einstein - YU] at 17:53 15 September 2015 ...
... Downloaded by [Yeshiva University Libraries - Cardozo - Einstein - YU] at 17:53 15 September 2015 ...
Giant nuclei is essential in the cell cycle transition from meiosis to
... DNA replication in gnu eggs and embryos might be continuous or cyclic, with gaps in which there is no replication. To determine between these possibilities, we examined the distribution of the DNA polymerase-δ processivity factor, PCNA (Yamaguchi et al., 1991) and nuclear lamins in gnu embryos. In g ...
... DNA replication in gnu eggs and embryos might be continuous or cyclic, with gaps in which there is no replication. To determine between these possibilities, we examined the distribution of the DNA polymerase-δ processivity factor, PCNA (Yamaguchi et al., 1991) and nuclear lamins in gnu embryos. In g ...
1 Cell wall integrity controls root elongation via ACC Corresponding
... It takes several days for newly produced root cells to traverse the cell division zone. In contrast, expansion to their mature size in the elongation zone only takes six to eight hours (Beemster and Baskin, 1998). This tenfold or higher increase in length and thus cell surface area places a great de ...
... It takes several days for newly produced root cells to traverse the cell division zone. In contrast, expansion to their mature size in the elongation zone only takes six to eight hours (Beemster and Baskin, 1998). This tenfold or higher increase in length and thus cell surface area places a great de ...
The UBA2 Domain Functions as an Intrinsic Stabilization Signal that
... the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Rad23 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (UbL) domain and two ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains: an internal UBA1 domain and a C-terminal UBA2 domain (Buchberger, 2002). The UbL domain, which can be functionally replaced by ubiquitin (Watkins et al., 1993), media ...
... the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Rad23 contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (UbL) domain and two ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains: an internal UBA1 domain and a C-terminal UBA2 domain (Buchberger, 2002). The UbL domain, which can be functionally replaced by ubiquitin (Watkins et al., 1993), media ...
Multiscale View of Cytoskeletal Mechanoregulation of Cell and
... at the molecular, structural, and functional levels. Several types of cell and tissue polarities were described in the literature, including front-back, apical-basal, anterior–posterior, and left-right polarity. Extensive research provided insights into the specific regulators of each polarization p ...
... at the molecular, structural, and functional levels. Several types of cell and tissue polarities were described in the literature, including front-back, apical-basal, anterior–posterior, and left-right polarity. Extensive research provided insights into the specific regulators of each polarization p ...
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... shape [3]. Importantly, the centrosome also governs the position and activity of this second MTOC through a physical tether, the striated fiber [15]. During mitosis in tachyzoites, a polar striated fiber emerges from each centrosome and at its other end gives rise to the MTOC that defines the daught ...
... shape [3]. Importantly, the centrosome also governs the position and activity of this second MTOC through a physical tether, the striated fiber [15]. During mitosis in tachyzoites, a polar striated fiber emerges from each centrosome and at its other end gives rise to the MTOC that defines the daught ...
Functions of the Arabidopsis kinesin superfamily of microtubule
... 7 members that work to capture spindle microtubules at kinetochore sites. Therefore, shared membership within a particular kinesin clade does not necessarily mean that the plant and animal kinesins perform similar functions. Genome analysis indicates that the microtubule-based motor protein dynein ...
... 7 members that work to capture spindle microtubules at kinetochore sites. Therefore, shared membership within a particular kinesin clade does not necessarily mean that the plant and animal kinesins perform similar functions. Genome analysis indicates that the microtubule-based motor protein dynein ...
1 Laccases direct lignification in the discrete secondary cell wall
... within the secondary cell wall domains. The tools to assess this prediction have recently been developed, in the form of fluorescently tagged monolignol analogs, such as γ-nitrobenzofuran-tagged coniferyl alcohol (NBD-CA), that become polymerized into lignin via oxidase-mediated radical coupling (To ...
... within the secondary cell wall domains. The tools to assess this prediction have recently been developed, in the form of fluorescently tagged monolignol analogs, such as γ-nitrobenzofuran-tagged coniferyl alcohol (NBD-CA), that become polymerized into lignin via oxidase-mediated radical coupling (To ...
Redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases during receptor
... whereas site-specific dephosphorylation modulates single signal-transduction pathways. Dephosphorylation of the kinase-activation residues has been reported for LMW-PTP on PDGF-R Tyr857 [40] and for PTP1B on the insulin receptor [41]. By contrast, site-specific dephosphorylation of specific RTK tyro ...
... whereas site-specific dephosphorylation modulates single signal-transduction pathways. Dephosphorylation of the kinase-activation residues has been reported for LMW-PTP on PDGF-R Tyr857 [40] and for PTP1B on the insulin receptor [41]. By contrast, site-specific dephosphorylation of specific RTK tyro ...
Replacement of threonine residues by serine and alanine in a
... (Fig. 1, mutant I). Substantial phosphorylation observed after elimination of these two sites (Fig. 3, lanes 3) established that in wild-type myosin three threonine residues are phosphorylatable by the kinases used. 4. DISCUSSION The soluble MHC kinases used in this study showed the same specificity ...
... (Fig. 1, mutant I). Substantial phosphorylation observed after elimination of these two sites (Fig. 3, lanes 3) established that in wild-type myosin three threonine residues are phosphorylatable by the kinases used. 4. DISCUSSION The soluble MHC kinases used in this study showed the same specificity ...
Determination of Symmetric and Asymmetric Division Planes in
... RSA-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of FASS/DCD1/ADD1, localizes to the centrosome, a structure with no counterpart in plant cells, which serves as a site of microtubule nucleation in animal cells, where it interacts with proteins that mediate microtubule outgrowth and stability (115). Another ...
... RSA-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of FASS/DCD1/ADD1, localizes to the centrosome, a structure with no counterpart in plant cells, which serves as a site of microtubule nucleation in animal cells, where it interacts with proteins that mediate microtubule outgrowth and stability (115). Another ...
Cytokinesis in Tobacco BY-2 and Root Tip Cells: A New Model of
... cell wall between daughter cells. This process is accomplished by the formation of the phragmoplast that not only builds the new plate but spatially orients it within the cell relative to the whole plant or organ axis. The phragmoplast of higher plant cells has been described as consisting of three ...
... cell wall between daughter cells. This process is accomplished by the formation of the phragmoplast that not only builds the new plate but spatially orients it within the cell relative to the whole plant or organ axis. The phragmoplast of higher plant cells has been described as consisting of three ...
Cytokinesis in Tobacco BY-2 and Root Tip Cells: A
... cell wall between daughter cells. This process is accomplished by the formation of the phragmoplast that not only builds the new plate but spatially orients it within the cell relative to the whole plant or organ axis. The phragmoplast of higher plant cells has been described as consisting of three ...
... cell wall between daughter cells. This process is accomplished by the formation of the phragmoplast that not only builds the new plate but spatially orients it within the cell relative to the whole plant or organ axis. The phragmoplast of higher plant cells has been described as consisting of three ...
Plant Cell Wall Proteins: A Large Body of Data, but What about
... Plant cell wall proteomics is a tricky field of research, since proteins are not only minor components of plant cell walls, but are also trapped in complex networks of polysaccharides with which they can interact. Plant cell walls are mainly composed of cellulose microfibrils wrapped in and connecte ...
... Plant cell wall proteomics is a tricky field of research, since proteins are not only minor components of plant cell walls, but are also trapped in complex networks of polysaccharides with which they can interact. Plant cell walls are mainly composed of cellulose microfibrils wrapped in and connecte ...
Biochemical switches in the cell cycle
A series of biochemical switches control transitions between and within the various phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of complex, ordered, sequential events that control how a single cell divides into two cells, and involves several different phases. The phases include the G1 and G2 phases, DNA replication or S phase, and the actual process of cell division, mitosis or M phase. During the M phase, the chromosomes separate and cytokinesis occurs.The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding phosphate to protein substrates. Such multi-component (involving multiple inter-linked proteins) switches have been shown to generate decisive, robust (and potentially irreversible) transitions and trigger stable oscillations. As a result, they are a subject of active research that tries to understand how such complex properties are wired into biological control systems.