Mapping of second order olfactory neurons and ventral
... different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have served as favorable model organisms for exploring basic neural principles underlying chemosensor ...
... different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have served as favorable model organisms for exploring basic neural principles underlying chemosensor ...
as a PDF
... Anabolic and catabolic pathways are generally regulated in a reciprocal manner, such that increases in the activity of one are often accompanied by decreases in the other (9). In response to fasting, for example, catabolic pathways are inhibited, while anabolic pathways are activated, thus allowing ...
... Anabolic and catabolic pathways are generally regulated in a reciprocal manner, such that increases in the activity of one are often accompanied by decreases in the other (9). In response to fasting, for example, catabolic pathways are inhibited, while anabolic pathways are activated, thus allowing ...
Context Dependency in the Globus Pallidus Internal Segment
... rewarded movements, a consistent feature of the neurons shown is that none responded in association with the unrewarded return movements. ...
... rewarded movements, a consistent feature of the neurons shown is that none responded in association with the unrewarded return movements. ...
Human Anatomy, First Edition McKinley&O'Loughlin
... thousands of motor and sensory axons. Motor axons originate from the spinal cord. Each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the intervertebral foramen to become a spinal nerve. Contain both motor axons and sensory axons. Each spinal nerve is associated with the vertebra of ...
... thousands of motor and sensory axons. Motor axons originate from the spinal cord. Each anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite within the intervertebral foramen to become a spinal nerve. Contain both motor axons and sensory axons. Each spinal nerve is associated with the vertebra of ...
13 Nervous System
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
PART IV INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION IN HUMANS
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
... Transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another takes place at a synapse when a neurotransmitter molecule is released from an axon bulb into a synaptic cleft. The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors in the postsynaptic membrane causes either excitation or inhibition. Synaptic I ...
NMDA and AMPA Receptors: Development and Status Epilepticus
... but not in principal cells (Watanabe et al. 1992, Monyer et al. 1994, Wenzel et al. 1997). NR3A and NR3B subunits Unlike NR2 subunits, which bind glutamate NR3A form a glycine binding structure (Yao et al. 2008, Henson et al. 2010). NR3A containing receptors exhibit also reduction in Ca2+ permeabili ...
... but not in principal cells (Watanabe et al. 1992, Monyer et al. 1994, Wenzel et al. 1997). NR3A and NR3B subunits Unlike NR2 subunits, which bind glutamate NR3A form a glycine binding structure (Yao et al. 2008, Henson et al. 2010). NR3A containing receptors exhibit also reduction in Ca2+ permeabili ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... inputs within the core. Although dendrites respect the shellcore and patch-matrix boundaries, recurrent axon collaterals may cross these boundaries. Finally, different degrees of overlap between dendritic and axonal arborizations of individual MSN were identified, suggesting various possibilities of ...
... inputs within the core. Although dendrites respect the shellcore and patch-matrix boundaries, recurrent axon collaterals may cross these boundaries. Finally, different degrees of overlap between dendritic and axonal arborizations of individual MSN were identified, suggesting various possibilities of ...
Cues that hippocampal place cells encode
... situations distal visual stimuli were emphasized whereas local cues were minimized by randomizing their locations, by making them irrelevant to task performance (O’Keefe and Speakman, 1987; O’Keefe and Burgess, 1996), and sometimes by randomizing the location of ongoing behavior relevant to those cu ...
... situations distal visual stimuli were emphasized whereas local cues were minimized by randomizing their locations, by making them irrelevant to task performance (O’Keefe and Speakman, 1987; O’Keefe and Burgess, 1996), and sometimes by randomizing the location of ongoing behavior relevant to those cu ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... HRP injections were made in the lateral convexity of striate cortex. Generally two injections (each estimated as 500-750 pn in diameter) were placed close together, sometimes merging into one large injection site (for instance, SM4 in Figure 1C-G, where the injection is estimated as 1.2 pm across). ...
... HRP injections were made in the lateral convexity of striate cortex. Generally two injections (each estimated as 500-750 pn in diameter) were placed close together, sometimes merging into one large injection site (for instance, SM4 in Figure 1C-G, where the injection is estimated as 1.2 pm across). ...
Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... et al., 2011). Recently, it has become evident that L5 PT and IT neurons within rodent PFC possess distinct intrinsic properties, local connectivity, and long-range inputs. Although most of these differences have been characterized in rodents, different categories of PFC pyramidal neurons are also p ...
... et al., 2011). Recently, it has become evident that L5 PT and IT neurons within rodent PFC possess distinct intrinsic properties, local connectivity, and long-range inputs. Although most of these differences have been characterized in rodents, different categories of PFC pyramidal neurons are also p ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... evoked spike frequency, indicative for a dierential neural representation of associative and non-associative events at the MB level. The precise mechanisms that underlie modulations of odor-evoked activity in MB neurons are still unknown. Modulatory input from the VUMmx1 neuron, which mediates the ...
... evoked spike frequency, indicative for a dierential neural representation of associative and non-associative events at the MB level. The precise mechanisms that underlie modulations of odor-evoked activity in MB neurons are still unknown. Modulatory input from the VUMmx1 neuron, which mediates the ...
Chapter 7 Body Systems
... Three-neuron arc—most common; consists of afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons (Figure 12-11) • Afferent neurons—conduct impulses to the CNS from the receptors ...
... Three-neuron arc—most common; consists of afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons (Figure 12-11) • Afferent neurons—conduct impulses to the CNS from the receptors ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... The globus pallidus external segment (GPe) constitutes part of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Because of inhibitory projections from the striatum, most GPe neurons are expected to reduce activity during movements. However, many GPe neurons in fact display increased activity. We previousl ...
... The globus pallidus external segment (GPe) constitutes part of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Because of inhibitory projections from the striatum, most GPe neurons are expected to reduce activity during movements. However, many GPe neurons in fact display increased activity. We previousl ...
Reward-Dependent Spatial Selectivity of Anticipatory Activity in
... Takikawa, Yoriko, Reiko Kawagoe, and Okihide Hikosaka. Reward-dependent spatial selectivity of anticipatory activity in monkey caudate neurons. J Neurophysiol 87: 508 –515, 2002; 10.1152/jn. 00288.2001. Many neurons show anticipatory activity in learned tasks. This phenomenon appears to reflect the ...
... Takikawa, Yoriko, Reiko Kawagoe, and Okihide Hikosaka. Reward-dependent spatial selectivity of anticipatory activity in monkey caudate neurons. J Neurophysiol 87: 508 –515, 2002; 10.1152/jn. 00288.2001. Many neurons show anticipatory activity in learned tasks. This phenomenon appears to reflect the ...
Lab #6: Neurophysiology Simulation
... Lab #6: Neurophysiology Simulation Background Neurons (Fig 6.1) are cells in the nervous system that are used conduct signals at high speed from one part of the body to another. This enables rapid, precise responses to occur in order to compensate for changes in the environment. Neurons are able to ...
... Lab #6: Neurophysiology Simulation Background Neurons (Fig 6.1) are cells in the nervous system that are used conduct signals at high speed from one part of the body to another. This enables rapid, precise responses to occur in order to compensate for changes in the environment. Neurons are able to ...
Cholinergic induction of network oscillations at 40 Hz in the
... amplifiers and stored using a digital audio tape recorder (BioLogic DTR1404). Data were redigitized at 10 kHz and digitally filtered at 1 kHz. For power spectrum analyses the data were filtered at 0.2 kHz with a low-pass eight-pole Bessel filter. Axograph software (Axon Instruments) was used for fur ...
... amplifiers and stored using a digital audio tape recorder (BioLogic DTR1404). Data were redigitized at 10 kHz and digitally filtered at 1 kHz. For power spectrum analyses the data were filtered at 0.2 kHz with a low-pass eight-pole Bessel filter. Axograph software (Axon Instruments) was used for fur ...
Structure-Function Relationships in Rat Brainstem Subnucleus
... Fig. 13g), at which point more narrow angles were subtended, although never to the extent that one bouton linked more than two connectors; or (2) it was impossible to use a greater than 90” connector, such as at an extreme jagged edge of a terminal cluster (e.g., the dorsolateral edge of the arbor i ...
... Fig. 13g), at which point more narrow angles were subtended, although never to the extent that one bouton linked more than two connectors; or (2) it was impossible to use a greater than 90” connector, such as at an extreme jagged edge of a terminal cluster (e.g., the dorsolateral edge of the arbor i ...
The columnar organization of the neocortex
... in the foetal monkey brain have been defined in an extensive series of experiments by Pasko Rakic (Rakic, 1972, 1974, 1988a, b, 1990, 1995a; Kornack and Rakic, 1995), culminating in the radial unit hypothesis. The general idea is illustrated in Fig. 1. Migration of immature neurons from the germinal ...
... in the foetal monkey brain have been defined in an extensive series of experiments by Pasko Rakic (Rakic, 1972, 1974, 1988a, b, 1990, 1995a; Kornack and Rakic, 1995), culminating in the radial unit hypothesis. The general idea is illustrated in Fig. 1. Migration of immature neurons from the germinal ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... A prerequisite for adaptive goal-directed behavior is that animals constantly evaluate action outcomes and relate them to both their antecedent behavior and to stimuli predictive of reward or non-reward. Here, we investigate whether single neurons in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a mult ...
... A prerequisite for adaptive goal-directed behavior is that animals constantly evaluate action outcomes and relate them to both their antecedent behavior and to stimuli predictive of reward or non-reward. Here, we investigate whether single neurons in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a mult ...
The LIM and POU homeobox genes ttx-3 and unc
... Transcription factors that drive neuron type-specific terminal differentiation programs in the developing nervous system are often expressed in several distinct neuronal cell types, but to what extent they have similar or distinct activities in individual neuronal cell types is generally not well ex ...
... Transcription factors that drive neuron type-specific terminal differentiation programs in the developing nervous system are often expressed in several distinct neuronal cell types, but to what extent they have similar or distinct activities in individual neuronal cell types is generally not well ex ...
CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE: NEUROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS S
... Energetic needs are continuous, they serve to supply metabolism at rest, and variable energy expenditures such as those depending on muscular activity and body temperature regulation, a crucial problem for mammals, which must maintain a stable body temperature even in severe climatic conditions. Foo ...
... Energetic needs are continuous, they serve to supply metabolism at rest, and variable energy expenditures such as those depending on muscular activity and body temperature regulation, a crucial problem for mammals, which must maintain a stable body temperature even in severe climatic conditions. Foo ...