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The parasympathetic system
... bladder emptying, sweating, body temperature, and other functions • Changes visceral functions rapidly and with a great degree of intensity – within 3 to 5 seconds the ANS can increase heart rate to twice that of normal; • the arterial pressure can be doubled within 10 to 15 seconds; • conversely bl ...
... bladder emptying, sweating, body temperature, and other functions • Changes visceral functions rapidly and with a great degree of intensity – within 3 to 5 seconds the ANS can increase heart rate to twice that of normal; • the arterial pressure can be doubled within 10 to 15 seconds; • conversely bl ...
_ch_16_AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
... synaptic terminals • Telodendria form sympathetic varicosities • Resemble string of pearls • Swollen segment packed with neurotransmitter vesicles • Pass along or near surface of effector cells • No specialized postsynaptic membranes • Membrane receptors on surfaces of target cells ...
... synaptic terminals • Telodendria form sympathetic varicosities • Resemble string of pearls • Swollen segment packed with neurotransmitter vesicles • Pass along or near surface of effector cells • No specialized postsynaptic membranes • Membrane receptors on surfaces of target cells ...
Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin
... from PV neurons axon initial segments may be innervated by other cell types. Synapses at the axon initial segment, the site where action potentials are generated (Stuart and Sakmann, 1994), are in a privileged position to control the output of pyramidal cells. Because different interneurons have div ...
... from PV neurons axon initial segments may be innervated by other cell types. Synapses at the axon initial segment, the site where action potentials are generated (Stuart and Sakmann, 1994), are in a privileged position to control the output of pyramidal cells. Because different interneurons have div ...
Optimal Sizes of Dendritic and Axonal Arbors
... Quantitative comparison is complicated because the projection is not strictly twodimensional: Purkinje dendrites stacked next to each other add up to a significant third dimension. Naively, given that the dendritic arbor size is about 400ILm Eq.4 predicts axonal arbor of about 7 ILm. This is close t ...
... Quantitative comparison is complicated because the projection is not strictly twodimensional: Purkinje dendrites stacked next to each other add up to a significant third dimension. Naively, given that the dendritic arbor size is about 400ILm Eq.4 predicts axonal arbor of about 7 ILm. This is close t ...
Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?
... Since the discovery that MA is harmful to brain dopamine nerve terminals in animals, by causing either short-term or persistent loss of dopamine, there has been a public health concern that illicit recreational use of the drug by humans will lead to the emergence of the symptoms of Parkinson's disea ...
... Since the discovery that MA is harmful to brain dopamine nerve terminals in animals, by causing either short-term or persistent loss of dopamine, there has been a public health concern that illicit recreational use of the drug by humans will lead to the emergence of the symptoms of Parkinson's disea ...
Learning to classify complex patterns using a VLSI network of
... The learning and classification of natural stimuli are accomplished by biological organisms with remarkable ease, even when the input is noisy or incomplete. Such real-time classification of complex patterns of spike trains is a difficult computational problem that artificial neural networks are con ...
... The learning and classification of natural stimuli are accomplished by biological organisms with remarkable ease, even when the input is noisy or incomplete. Such real-time classification of complex patterns of spike trains is a difficult computational problem that artificial neural networks are con ...
Adaptation of Firing Rate and Spike
... inputs phase-locked to the auditory tone from the eighth nerve (Parks and Rubel, 1978). NM neurons are highly specialized for rapid and precise firing (Hackett et al., 1982; Raman and Trussell, 1992; Reyes et al., 1994; Koyano et al., 1996). A major current that defines the firing behavior of NM neu ...
... inputs phase-locked to the auditory tone from the eighth nerve (Parks and Rubel, 1978). NM neurons are highly specialized for rapid and precise firing (Hackett et al., 1982; Raman and Trussell, 1992; Reyes et al., 1994; Koyano et al., 1996). A major current that defines the firing behavior of NM neu ...
Glial heterogeneity: the increasing complexity of the brain
... stem which regulate breathing, or the cerebellar circuits responsible for fine-tuning motor coordination. While excitatory and inhibitory neurons are the main relay stations for the input, processing and output of electrical signals, the macroglial cells execute quite different tasks. Astrocytes are ...
... stem which regulate breathing, or the cerebellar circuits responsible for fine-tuning motor coordination. While excitatory and inhibitory neurons are the main relay stations for the input, processing and output of electrical signals, the macroglial cells execute quite different tasks. Astrocytes are ...
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
... all trials of dominant versus non-dominant cue presentation. As exit behavior is consistent across trials containing presentations of either cue, this approach allows us to use the nondominant response as a comparison for any modulation resulting from the animal's immediate behavior. Of 842 well-iso ...
... all trials of dominant versus non-dominant cue presentation. As exit behavior is consistent across trials containing presentations of either cue, this approach allows us to use the nondominant response as a comparison for any modulation resulting from the animal's immediate behavior. Of 842 well-iso ...
The Teen Brain on Marijuana
... that is, how brain cells “learn” whether to grow new synapses and connections to other neurons. The more active neurons are, the stronger their connections get (neurons that fire together, wire together). The less active neurons are, the weaker their connections get, or the more they lose connection ...
... that is, how brain cells “learn” whether to grow new synapses and connections to other neurons. The more active neurons are, the stronger their connections get (neurons that fire together, wire together). The less active neurons are, the weaker their connections get, or the more they lose connection ...
Chapter 9 - Tribiana.com
... It has centers for control of cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems Hypothalamus has centers for control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst; and can regulate medulla Limbic system is responsible for visceral responses that ...
... It has centers for control of cardiovascular, pulmonary, urinary, reproductive, and digestive systems Hypothalamus has centers for control of body temperature, hunger, and thirst; and can regulate medulla Limbic system is responsible for visceral responses that ...
ANS - Lee.org
... Limbic system is responsible for visceral responses that reflect emotional states Cerebral cortex and cerebellum also influence ANS Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Limbic system is responsible for visceral responses that reflect emotional states Cerebral cortex and cerebellum also influence ANS Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
Mirror neurons or emulator neurons?
... mirrored or not, and that process has already recognized whether the action is goaldirected or not. Clearly, the problem here is that mirror neurons cannot perform their own input (action mirroring) and output (goal extraction) function at the same time. In contrast, the fact that MNs are activated ...
... mirrored or not, and that process has already recognized whether the action is goaldirected or not. Clearly, the problem here is that mirror neurons cannot perform their own input (action mirroring) and output (goal extraction) function at the same time. In contrast, the fact that MNs are activated ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
... Recent years have seen a rebirth of interest in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics a ...
19 Sensation of Smell-14322012-09
... the mucous layer overlying the receptors. Diffusion through the layer brings the odorants into contact with the olfactory cilia, where they bind with receptors (odorant-binding proteins). This leads to an activation of a second messenger system which depolarises the the receptive cell and initiates ...
... the mucous layer overlying the receptors. Diffusion through the layer brings the odorants into contact with the olfactory cilia, where they bind with receptors (odorant-binding proteins). This leads to an activation of a second messenger system which depolarises the the receptive cell and initiates ...
Noise in Neurons and Other Constraints
... variability. Thus, individual neurons in the nervous system are highly variable because they are quite unreliable (“noisy”), and this poses a severe constraint on a neurons information processing power. Taking a molecular view of the nervous sytem, this is actually not suprising: we know that at the ...
... variability. Thus, individual neurons in the nervous system are highly variable because they are quite unreliable (“noisy”), and this poses a severe constraint on a neurons information processing power. Taking a molecular view of the nervous sytem, this is actually not suprising: we know that at the ...
Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of Pain Generation
... evoke stronger responses than in the non-sensitized state. After sensitization of “pain fibres”, normally non-painful stimuli can cause pain. Cutaneous nociceptors are in particular sensitized to thermal stimuli; nociceptors in deep somatic tissue such as joint and muscle show pronounced sensitizatio ...
... evoke stronger responses than in the non-sensitized state. After sensitization of “pain fibres”, normally non-painful stimuli can cause pain. Cutaneous nociceptors are in particular sensitized to thermal stimuli; nociceptors in deep somatic tissue such as joint and muscle show pronounced sensitizatio ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
... and Doyle, 2001). Twin studies have shown heritability estimates of approximately 0.8 (Kieling et al., 2008), varying between 0.6 and 0.9 (Biederman et al., 1990). It is widely acknowledged that genetic factors in ADHD are likely to involve multiple genes of moderate effect. To date no single gene h ...
... and Doyle, 2001). Twin studies have shown heritability estimates of approximately 0.8 (Kieling et al., 2008), varying between 0.6 and 0.9 (Biederman et al., 1990). It is widely acknowledged that genetic factors in ADHD are likely to involve multiple genes of moderate effect. To date no single gene h ...
A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... tical circuit is greatly simplified if an individual neuron receives all of its connections essentially from a single source, as Gilbert and Wiesel for the most part assumed. But a feature of cortical neurons is that they are polyneuronally innervated; their excitatory and inhibitory synapses arise ...
... tical circuit is greatly simplified if an individual neuron receives all of its connections essentially from a single source, as Gilbert and Wiesel for the most part assumed. But a feature of cortical neurons is that they are polyneuronally innervated; their excitatory and inhibitory synapses arise ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... sensitivity of the corresponding drop types (pain, visual, etc.). The degree of loss of function is determined not only by the number of affected nerve cells. Around the lesion in the brain tissue occurs reversibly damaged area and inhibited neurons. Inhibition plays the role of protective mechanism ...
... sensitivity of the corresponding drop types (pain, visual, etc.). The degree of loss of function is determined not only by the number of affected nerve cells. Around the lesion in the brain tissue occurs reversibly damaged area and inhibited neurons. Inhibition plays the role of protective mechanism ...
Human Physiology - Maryville University
... Because of different subtypes of receptors for same NT 2 major subtypes are & adrenergic receptors Each has own subtypes: 1, 2 & 1, 2 ...
... Because of different subtypes of receptors for same NT 2 major subtypes are & adrenergic receptors Each has own subtypes: 1, 2 & 1, 2 ...
Lineage origins of GABAergic versus glutamatergic neurons in the
... classified into nearly 30 different subtypes based on molecular, morphological and physiological criteria [3]. Certain subtypes of inhibitory neurons tend to populate specific neocortical cell layers, while others are dispersed more widely across multiple layers. For example, the cell bodies of Mart ...
... classified into nearly 30 different subtypes based on molecular, morphological and physiological criteria [3]. Certain subtypes of inhibitory neurons tend to populate specific neocortical cell layers, while others are dispersed more widely across multiple layers. For example, the cell bodies of Mart ...
UNC-119 suppresses axon branching
... stable but the molecular mechanisms that are required for stabilization are unknown. We characterized the gene unc-119 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and demonstrate that it is required to stabilize the differentiated structure of the nervous system. In unc-119 mutants, motor neuron commissu ...
... stable but the molecular mechanisms that are required for stabilization are unknown. We characterized the gene unc-119 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and demonstrate that it is required to stabilize the differentiated structure of the nervous system. In unc-119 mutants, motor neuron commissu ...
Corticofugal Amplification of Subcortical Responses to Single Tone
... The acoustic stimuli were 23-ms-long tone bursts with a 0.5ms rise-decay time. These were generated by a voltage-controlled oscillator and an electronic switch and were delivered at a rate of 5/s. The frequency of a tone burst was varied manually or by a computer. Collicular, thalamic, and cortical ...
... The acoustic stimuli were 23-ms-long tone bursts with a 0.5ms rise-decay time. These were generated by a voltage-controlled oscillator and an electronic switch and were delivered at a rate of 5/s. The frequency of a tone burst was varied manually or by a computer. Collicular, thalamic, and cortical ...
How Do Neurons Convey Information?
... between the tip of the recording electrode and the reference causes a current to flow through the voltmeter, deflecting a needle that indicates the voltage. Richard Caton, a Scottish physician who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was the first person to attempt to measure ...
... between the tip of the recording electrode and the reference causes a current to flow through the voltmeter, deflecting a needle that indicates the voltage. Richard Caton, a Scottish physician who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was the first person to attempt to measure ...