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Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator
... can also activate metabotropic glutamate receptors (McCormick and von Krosigk, 1992). Finally, electrical stimulation of layer VI corticothalamic axons with increasing current levels results in a graded increase in the amplitude of postsynaptic responses, demonstrating that many RS terminals converg ...
... can also activate metabotropic glutamate receptors (McCormick and von Krosigk, 1992). Finally, electrical stimulation of layer VI corticothalamic axons with increasing current levels results in a graded increase in the amplitude of postsynaptic responses, demonstrating that many RS terminals converg ...
Vomeronasal Function - Oxford Academic
... two segregated populations of G-proteins in the vomero- back to the unanswered questions about the delivery of nasal epithelium is the separate projection of the neurons stimuli and the transduction mechanisms of the vomerocontaining these G-proteins to different (anterior and nasal receptor system. ...
... two segregated populations of G-proteins in the vomero- back to the unanswered questions about the delivery of nasal epithelium is the separate projection of the neurons stimuli and the transduction mechanisms of the vomerocontaining these G-proteins to different (anterior and nasal receptor system. ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... [this issue of Neuron]) . The structures included the dopamine system, as many of the stimulation sites were in close proximity to axons of dopamine neurons or to axons presynaptic to them (Wise, 1996a). Finally, major drugs of abuse influence dopamine neurotransmission (Wise and Hoffman, 1992; Wise ...
... [this issue of Neuron]) . The structures included the dopamine system, as many of the stimulation sites were in close proximity to axons of dopamine neurons or to axons presynaptic to them (Wise, 1996a). Finally, major drugs of abuse influence dopamine neurotransmission (Wise and Hoffman, 1992; Wise ...
PVLV: The Primary Value and Learned Value
... rewards not just present rewards. The consequence of this is that the ␦t at one point in time drives learning based on the immediately prior sensory input state xit ⫺ 1. This produces a chain-reaction effect in which a reward prediction error at one point in time propagates earlier and earlier in ti ...
... rewards not just present rewards. The consequence of this is that the ␦t at one point in time drives learning based on the immediately prior sensory input state xit ⫺ 1. This produces a chain-reaction effect in which a reward prediction error at one point in time propagates earlier and earlier in ti ...
NIH Public Access
... Benfey and Aguayo, 1982). This work suggested that the PNS environment is stimulatory and/ or that the CNS environment is inhibitory for axon growth. Subsequent studies identified both growth- promoting factors in the PNS and growth- inhibiting factors in the CNS. Inhibitors of regeneration include ...
... Benfey and Aguayo, 1982). This work suggested that the PNS environment is stimulatory and/ or that the CNS environment is inhibitory for axon growth. Subsequent studies identified both growth- promoting factors in the PNS and growth- inhibiting factors in the CNS. Inhibitors of regeneration include ...
The functional role of GABA and glycine in monaural and binaural
... 1969; Suga and Schlegel 1973). In binaural signal analysis, excitatory responses evoked by stimulation of one ear are counteracted by inhibition derived from stimulation of the other ear thus producing sensitivity for interaural level or interaural time differences (review: Caird 1991). Recent neuro ...
... 1969; Suga and Schlegel 1973). In binaural signal analysis, excitatory responses evoked by stimulation of one ear are counteracted by inhibition derived from stimulation of the other ear thus producing sensitivity for interaural level or interaural time differences (review: Caird 1991). Recent neuro ...
Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
... (Roberts, 2000; Li et al., 2001). These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, where their functions are listed. We have recently established that one class of spinal interneuron with a very characteristic axonal projection pattern, called ascending interneurons (aINs), produces phasic, glycinergic ...
Chapter 2 - IFSC-USP
... during transduction of sensory signals (Unit II). Another type of electrical signal is associated with communication between neurons at synaptic contacts. Activation of these synapses generates synaptic potentials, which allow transmission of information from one neuron to another. An example of suc ...
... during transduction of sensory signals (Unit II). Another type of electrical signal is associated with communication between neurons at synaptic contacts. Activation of these synapses generates synaptic potentials, which allow transmission of information from one neuron to another. An example of suc ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... IT neurons within rodent PFC possess distinct intrinsic properties, local connectivity, and long-range inputs. Although most of these differences have been characterized in rodents, different categories of PFC pyramidal neurons are also present in humans and non-human primates (Foehring et al., 1991 ...
... IT neurons within rodent PFC possess distinct intrinsic properties, local connectivity, and long-range inputs. Although most of these differences have been characterized in rodents, different categories of PFC pyramidal neurons are also present in humans and non-human primates (Foehring et al., 1991 ...
nervous system physiology 4
... fiber repetitively muscle spasm caused by minimum stimulation (it also can cause death due to laryngeal spasm). Neostigmine and physostigmine combine with AChE to reversible inactivate the AChE for up to several hours. Pyridostigmine is used in myasthenia gravis treatment. Diisopropyl fluorophospha ...
... fiber repetitively muscle spasm caused by minimum stimulation (it also can cause death due to laryngeal spasm). Neostigmine and physostigmine combine with AChE to reversible inactivate the AChE for up to several hours. Pyridostigmine is used in myasthenia gravis treatment. Diisopropyl fluorophospha ...
1 Prenatal Nicotine Exposure as a Teratogen in
... interview style procedure. These behaviors are included in the DSM guide and are typically the symptoms observed with altered dopamine levels. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters dopamine levels when nicotine binds to receptors in the brain, causing these ADHD symptoms to arise. Falk et al. in “Smo ...
... interview style procedure. These behaviors are included in the DSM guide and are typically the symptoms observed with altered dopamine levels. Prenatal nicotine exposure alters dopamine levels when nicotine binds to receptors in the brain, causing these ADHD symptoms to arise. Falk et al. in “Smo ...
Neural Tissue
... Opening a gated potassium channel would have the opposite effect on the transmembrane potential as opening a gated sodium channel. Step One: The rate of potassium outflow would increase, and the interior of the cell would lose positive ions. This is called hyperpolarization. When this happens an ...
... Opening a gated potassium channel would have the opposite effect on the transmembrane potential as opening a gated sodium channel. Step One: The rate of potassium outflow would increase, and the interior of the cell would lose positive ions. This is called hyperpolarization. When this happens an ...
The Spinal Interneurons and Properties of
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
... transferred to 10 M ␣-bungarotoxin saline. After immobilization, the tadpole was repinned so that skin and muscles over the right side of the spinal cord could be removed. A dorsal cut was then made along the midline of the spinal cord to open the neurocoel and expose neuronal cell bodies. Addition ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining subsets of neuronal populations, as spiny GABAergic projection cells can cont ...
... while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining subsets of neuronal populations, as spiny GABAergic projection cells can cont ...
Multiple Modes of Action Potential Initiation and Propagation in
... (Fig. 1A). Often the primary dendrite divided into two smaller branches just before or after entering the glomerulus, after which the dendritic branches were lost in the glomerular neuropil. On occasion, recordings from these smaller dendrites were possible. However, the majority of the recordings w ...
... (Fig. 1A). Often the primary dendrite divided into two smaller branches just before or after entering the glomerulus, after which the dendritic branches were lost in the glomerular neuropil. On occasion, recordings from these smaller dendrites were possible. However, the majority of the recordings w ...
Ethanol Facilitates Glutamatergic Transmission to Dopamine
... The cellular mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction are poorly understood. In several brain areas, ethanol depresses glutamatergic excitatory transmission, but how it affects excitatory synapses on dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a crucial site for the development of drug addi ...
... The cellular mechanisms underlying alcohol addiction are poorly understood. In several brain areas, ethanol depresses glutamatergic excitatory transmission, but how it affects excitatory synapses on dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a crucial site for the development of drug addi ...
PREFERENTIAL POTENTIATION OF WEAKER INPUTS TO PRIMARY
... environment stem from the capability of neurons to change their communication with other neurons (“synaptic plasticity”). However, the ability of synapses to change (e.g., strengthen) is profoundly influenced by various chemical signals released in the nervous system (neuromodulators). Such modulato ...
... environment stem from the capability of neurons to change their communication with other neurons (“synaptic plasticity”). However, the ability of synapses to change (e.g., strengthen) is profoundly influenced by various chemical signals released in the nervous system (neuromodulators). Such modulato ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... most seem to fall into one or the other of two groups, glomerular and stratified. Glomerular neuropil is characterized by tight, profuse ramifications of pre- and postsynaptic elements at the site of junction (Fig. 6). These ramifications form the discrete, knot-like clusters of fibers that give thi ...
... most seem to fall into one or the other of two groups, glomerular and stratified. Glomerular neuropil is characterized by tight, profuse ramifications of pre- and postsynaptic elements at the site of junction (Fig. 6). These ramifications form the discrete, knot-like clusters of fibers that give thi ...
Neuropeptide-Mediated Facilitation and Inhibition of Sensory Inputs
... used to investigate the behavioral effects of sensory modulation in mammals (see Wiesenfeld-Hallin 1995). However, in these preparations, it is difficult to obtain detailed mechanistic explanations at the cellular and synaptic levels. Conversely, although detailed cellular information was obtained w ...
... used to investigate the behavioral effects of sensory modulation in mammals (see Wiesenfeld-Hallin 1995). However, in these preparations, it is difficult to obtain detailed mechanistic explanations at the cellular and synaptic levels. Conversely, although detailed cellular information was obtained w ...
Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
... The visceral nervous system exerts control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands via three pathways: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and humoral. Together, the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways comprise the autonomic nervous system. Both these divisions are two-neuron systems and consi ...
... The visceral nervous system exerts control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands via three pathways: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and humoral. Together, the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways comprise the autonomic nervous system. Both these divisions are two-neuron systems and consi ...
Septins promote dendrite and axon development by negatively
... SEPT7 is required for neuritogenesis in the mouse brain. Previous in vitro studies have shown that primary neurons cultured from rat hippocampus and from the chick dorsal root ganglion require septins for dendrite development14,15 and axon branching16, respectively. To test the relationship and in v ...
... SEPT7 is required for neuritogenesis in the mouse brain. Previous in vitro studies have shown that primary neurons cultured from rat hippocampus and from the chick dorsal root ganglion require septins for dendrite development14,15 and axon branching16, respectively. To test the relationship and in v ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... groups in the left inferior frontal cortex and the right superior parietal lobule. So, watching a finger movement and then imitating accounted for a greater increase than making a finger movement without watching one. Another interesting outcome is the fact that during both action execution and obse ...
... groups in the left inferior frontal cortex and the right superior parietal lobule. So, watching a finger movement and then imitating accounted for a greater increase than making a finger movement without watching one. Another interesting outcome is the fact that during both action execution and obse ...
Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... Dysfunctions in the establishment of proper inhibitory circuits have been associated to several brain disorders such as autism, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. In the rodent adult cortex, inhibitory neurons are generated during the second gestational week from distinct progenitor lineages located in re ...
... Dysfunctions in the establishment of proper inhibitory circuits have been associated to several brain disorders such as autism, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. In the rodent adult cortex, inhibitory neurons are generated during the second gestational week from distinct progenitor lineages located in re ...
neuronal types and their specification dynamics in
... divisions share a similar architecture with inputs from the hypothalamus being transmitted first to pre-ganglionic neurons within the central nervous system and then to the postganglionic neurons in the peripheral nervous system or directly to the target organ. Autonomic neurons regulate organ funct ...
... divisions share a similar architecture with inputs from the hypothalamus being transmitted first to pre-ganglionic neurons within the central nervous system and then to the postganglionic neurons in the peripheral nervous system or directly to the target organ. Autonomic neurons regulate organ funct ...