Choline Esters
... Release of transmitter occurs when voltagesensitive calcium channels in the terminal membrane are opened, allowing an influx of calcium. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium causes fusion of vesicles with the surface membrane and exocytotic expulsion of acetylcholine and cotransmitters in ...
... Release of transmitter occurs when voltagesensitive calcium channels in the terminal membrane are opened, allowing an influx of calcium. The resulting increase in intracellular calcium causes fusion of vesicles with the surface membrane and exocytotic expulsion of acetylcholine and cotransmitters in ...
Aalborg Universitet Brain plasticity Wang, Li
... or after various modulatory effects. Study I used painful and non-painful finger stimulation applied to the thumb and little finger tips which as an experimental model to present the brain response to the peripheral stimulation. Study II explored the effect of acupuncture modulation on EEG power spe ...
... or after various modulatory effects. Study I used painful and non-painful finger stimulation applied to the thumb and little finger tips which as an experimental model to present the brain response to the peripheral stimulation. Study II explored the effect of acupuncture modulation on EEG power spe ...
An implantable electrode design for both chronic in vivo
... superficial extensors (sem’s ) are considered to be responsible for the positioning of the abdomen (Kennedy and Takeda, 1965a,b; Parnas and Atwood, 1966). The design of the implanted electrode presented here allowed us to monitor neuronal activity in the distal part of the N2 of the crayfish while l ...
... superficial extensors (sem’s ) are considered to be responsible for the positioning of the abdomen (Kennedy and Takeda, 1965a,b; Parnas and Atwood, 1966). The design of the implanted electrode presented here allowed us to monitor neuronal activity in the distal part of the N2 of the crayfish while l ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... in isopentane at ⫺30°C. All animals bearing 6-OHDA lesions (n ⫽ 30) were perfused transcardially under chloral hydrate anesthesia with 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.2, supplemented with heparin (5 ⫻ 10 4 IU/ml), followed by 350 ml of cold fixative consisting of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.3 ( ...
... in isopentane at ⫺30°C. All animals bearing 6-OHDA lesions (n ⫽ 30) were perfused transcardially under chloral hydrate anesthesia with 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl, pH 7.2, supplemented with heparin (5 ⫻ 10 4 IU/ml), followed by 350 ml of cold fixative consisting of 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.3 ( ...
Neural Coding and Auditory Perception
... method of van den Honert and Kelsall [3] for focusing intracochlear stimulation. In this method, all 16 electrodes in an intracochlear array are stimulated simultaneously, and the current at each electrode is adjusted to focus the stimulation at one or more sites along the electrode array. We conduc ...
... method of van den Honert and Kelsall [3] for focusing intracochlear stimulation. In this method, all 16 electrodes in an intracochlear array are stimulated simultaneously, and the current at each electrode is adjusted to focus the stimulation at one or more sites along the electrode array. We conduc ...
Mechanism of relation among heart meridian, referred cardiac pain
... is observed. Dichotomizing afferents fibers have been proposed as a possible explanation for referred pain [1]. Cardiac pain is frequently referred to the medial but not the lateral aspect of the left brachium, and the referred region is identical with the route of the heart meridian, which suggests ...
... is observed. Dichotomizing afferents fibers have been proposed as a possible explanation for referred pain [1]. Cardiac pain is frequently referred to the medial but not the lateral aspect of the left brachium, and the referred region is identical with the route of the heart meridian, which suggests ...
Motor Cortex Stimulation for Refractory Benign Pain
... continues to be used either under investigational protocols or as “off-label” use of medical devices approved for the treatment of movement disorders. Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) has been investigated in humans for the past 15 years for the treatment of refractory pain syndromes and will be the f ...
... continues to be used either under investigational protocols or as “off-label” use of medical devices approved for the treatment of movement disorders. Motor cortex stimulation (MCS) has been investigated in humans for the past 15 years for the treatment of refractory pain syndromes and will be the f ...
TENS Lecture
... Pulse width: as high as possible Pulse rate: depends on the type of stimulator Intensity: as high as tolerated Duration: 15 minutes with conventional TENS unit. Locus stimulator is advocated for this treatment type, treatment time is 30 seconds per point. ...
... Pulse width: as high as possible Pulse rate: depends on the type of stimulator Intensity: as high as tolerated Duration: 15 minutes with conventional TENS unit. Locus stimulator is advocated for this treatment type, treatment time is 30 seconds per point. ...
Sacral Nerve Stimulation
... the patient and damage the device. In addition, the need for patients with electrodes and batteries for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging owing to the presence of other diseases poses an obstacle in using these systems. MR can harm the patient as well as damage the device. The device is turned off whe ...
... the patient and damage the device. In addition, the need for patients with electrodes and batteries for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging owing to the presence of other diseases poses an obstacle in using these systems. MR can harm the patient as well as damage the device. The device is turned off whe ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... effect of HFS on STN neuronal membranes (the depolarization block hypothesis) and (ii) ‘preferential’ activation of GABAergic inhibitory afferents to STN neurons. A depolarizing block means that the membrane is so depolarized that spikes become smaller and smaller and finally can no longer be evoked ...
... effect of HFS on STN neuronal membranes (the depolarization block hypothesis) and (ii) ‘preferential’ activation of GABAergic inhibitory afferents to STN neurons. A depolarizing block means that the membrane is so depolarized that spikes become smaller and smaller and finally can no longer be evoked ...
An ultra small array of electrodes for stimulating multiple
... 8-m-centers. Another design, half the scale of the first, was also tested. The array was mounted on a micromanipulator and can be visualized by an upright microscope. It can then be positioned in the dendritic arbor of a Purkinje neuron while not disturbing a recording pipette at the soma. Paired-p ...
... 8-m-centers. Another design, half the scale of the first, was also tested. The array was mounted on a micromanipulator and can be visualized by an upright microscope. It can then be positioned in the dendritic arbor of a Purkinje neuron while not disturbing a recording pipette at the soma. Paired-p ...
State-Dependent TMS Reveals a Hierarchical
... of observed actions within the frontoparietal system. Among others is, for example, the presence of spatially segregated representations of different effectors (Buccino et al. 2001) or the evidence of the processing of kinematics of the observed motor acts (Pobric and Hamilton 2006; Suchan et al. 20 ...
... of observed actions within the frontoparietal system. Among others is, for example, the presence of spatially segregated representations of different effectors (Buccino et al. 2001) or the evidence of the processing of kinematics of the observed motor acts (Pobric and Hamilton 2006; Suchan et al. 20 ...
the organization of the arthropod central nervous system
... FIG. 1. Three records from two "diphasic' leads from a small bundle of fibers in a 3-4 abdominal connective of the crayfish. Jn each frame the upper of the two lines is from the anterior lead. Stimulation in upper frame from posterior segment, in lower frame from anterior segment, and in middle fram ...
... FIG. 1. Three records from two "diphasic' leads from a small bundle of fibers in a 3-4 abdominal connective of the crayfish. Jn each frame the upper of the two lines is from the anterior lead. Stimulation in upper frame from posterior segment, in lower frame from anterior segment, and in middle fram ...
Balancing the brain: resting state networks and deep brain stimulation
... task has identified multiple functional resting state networks including the default mode network (Lowe et al., 1998; Greicius et al., 2003). Sophisticated independent component analyses of resting state patterns have identified at least seven networks which stay coherent over several minutes (Damoi ...
... task has identified multiple functional resting state networks including the default mode network (Lowe et al., 1998; Greicius et al., 2003). Sophisticated independent component analyses of resting state patterns have identified at least seven networks which stay coherent over several minutes (Damoi ...
18 "1: 1_ Sprouting (Abnormiall1 Actrvlty)
... spinal cord. In the case of SCI (or disease), the electrodes are positioned in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord Within several dermatomal segments of the lesion site. Stimulation ...
... spinal cord. In the case of SCI (or disease), the electrodes are positioned in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord Within several dermatomal segments of the lesion site. Stimulation ...
Voltage-Dependent Switching of Sensorimotor Integration by a
... vpln was 0.5 msec, 5 V pulses delivered at 40 Hz for 1 sec. The persistence of any changes in pyloric motor network activity induced by an initial series of 15 such stimulations, delivered at an interval of 20 sec (see Fig. 1C), was tested by one to three additional stimulations (5 V, 40 Hz, 1 sec) ...
... vpln was 0.5 msec, 5 V pulses delivered at 40 Hz for 1 sec. The persistence of any changes in pyloric motor network activity induced by an initial series of 15 such stimulations, delivered at an interval of 20 sec (see Fig. 1C), was tested by one to three additional stimulations (5 V, 40 Hz, 1 sec) ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... principal whisker deflection is much reduced if an adjacent whisker is deflected 2–50 ms before the principal whisker (maximum inhibition ⬃20 ms). These results raise the possibility that stimulation of whiskers could directly inhibit the spontaneous discharge of cortical neurons under some conditio ...
... principal whisker deflection is much reduced if an adjacent whisker is deflected 2–50 ms before the principal whisker (maximum inhibition ⬃20 ms). These results raise the possibility that stimulation of whiskers could directly inhibit the spontaneous discharge of cortical neurons under some conditio ...
Whisker movements evoked by stimulation of single pyramidal cells
... Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evo ...
... Neuronal activity in the motor cortex is understood to be correlated with movements, but the impact of action potentials (APs) in single cortical neurons on the generation of movement has not been fully determined. Here we show that trains of APs in single pyramidal cells of rat motor cortex can evo ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - (0383)
... electromagnetic coil on the patient’s scalp near the forehead. The electromagnetic current repeatedly switches on and off for up to 10 times per second to produce the pulses. To determine the therapeutic magnetic strength, the amount of magnetic energy is adjusted until the motor threshold is reache ...
... electromagnetic coil on the patient’s scalp near the forehead. The electromagnetic current repeatedly switches on and off for up to 10 times per second to produce the pulses. To determine the therapeutic magnetic strength, the amount of magnetic energy is adjusted until the motor threshold is reache ...
Gentle Mechanical Skin Stimulation Inhibits Micturition Contractions
... Mechanisms underlying somatic modulation of bladder functions have been studied in anesthetized animals [3, 4]. When the bladder is full, rhythmic micturition contractions (RMCs) emerge because of burst discharges of the pelvic nerve innervating the bladder. Various kinds of noxious somatic stimuli, ...
... Mechanisms underlying somatic modulation of bladder functions have been studied in anesthetized animals [3, 4]. When the bladder is full, rhythmic micturition contractions (RMCs) emerge because of burst discharges of the pelvic nerve innervating the bladder. Various kinds of noxious somatic stimuli, ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... oxytocin and endorphin release in rodents (Uvänas-Moberg et al. 2005). To the best of our knowledge, it would seem that no other sensory fiber type is as well adapted to an affective-motivational role as the C-low threshold mechanoreceptor (C-LTMR). It appears that the survival benefits of prosocial ...
... oxytocin and endorphin release in rodents (Uvänas-Moberg et al. 2005). To the best of our knowledge, it would seem that no other sensory fiber type is as well adapted to an affective-motivational role as the C-low threshold mechanoreceptor (C-LTMR). It appears that the survival benefits of prosocial ...
Horizontal Synaptic Connections in Monkey Prefrontal Cortex: An In
... stimulus isolation unit delivers currents up to 10 mA with the output connected to a load resistance of up to 10 kΩ, in our experiments the current output was constant across the sections of tissue stimulated by each bipolar position in the array. However, a factor that could introduce variability i ...
... stimulus isolation unit delivers currents up to 10 mA with the output connected to a load resistance of up to 10 kΩ, in our experiments the current output was constant across the sections of tissue stimulated by each bipolar position in the array. However, a factor that could introduce variability i ...
Basic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
... An enzyme is a protein that makes a reaction go (catalyzes) DNA codes for proteins (DNA → mRNA → Protein) Proteins are polypeptides (= long chains of amino acids) Some proteins (e.g., NMDA channel) are made up of multiple subunits Proteins have a definite 3-D shape An important structural feature is ...
... An enzyme is a protein that makes a reaction go (catalyzes) DNA codes for proteins (DNA → mRNA → Protein) Proteins are polypeptides (= long chains of amino acids) Some proteins (e.g., NMDA channel) are made up of multiple subunits Proteins have a definite 3-D shape An important structural feature is ...
Unit One: Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
... in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... recorded up to 2 mm away from the stimulation site (Asanuma and Rosen, 1973; Aroniadou and Keller, 1993; Matsumura et al., 1996; Baker et al., 1998). The first component of these stimulusevoked responses is mainly excitatory, commonly followed by a period of activity suppression, suggesting that the ...
... recorded up to 2 mm away from the stimulation site (Asanuma and Rosen, 1973; Aroniadou and Keller, 1993; Matsumura et al., 1996; Baker et al., 1998). The first component of these stimulusevoked responses is mainly excitatory, commonly followed by a period of activity suppression, suggesting that the ...