Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... morphological plasticity reflects the degree of stimulation in the living environment of individual animals (Technau, 1984; Heisenberg et al., 1995). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms for MB-mediated brain functions, it is important ...
... morphological plasticity reflects the degree of stimulation in the living environment of individual animals (Technau, 1984; Heisenberg et al., 1995). To elucidate the molecular mechanisms for MB-mediated brain functions, it is important ...
Comparative Study of c-Fos Expression in Rat Dorsal Vagal
... DMV, NTS and AP have complicated neuronal contact and close correlation in function, so that they constitute the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) (4). Thus, DVC and NA are the primary nerve centres that regulate gastric functions. Nevertheless, whether the neurons of DMV, NTS, AP and NA are excited, and c ...
... DMV, NTS and AP have complicated neuronal contact and close correlation in function, so that they constitute the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) (4). Thus, DVC and NA are the primary nerve centres that regulate gastric functions. Nevertheless, whether the neurons of DMV, NTS, AP and NA are excited, and c ...
Enhanced intrinsic excitability and EPSP
... manuscript and Shobha Anilkumar for technical assistance with Golgi-Cox staining. Grants: The research was funded by intramural research funds from NCBS (Grant ...
... manuscript and Shobha Anilkumar for technical assistance with Golgi-Cox staining. Grants: The research was funded by intramural research funds from NCBS (Grant ...
Examples of well-written lab reports, by section
... unprompted and unpredictable, prompted, or predictable, were all greater than the alpha level of .05, we rejected our null hypothesis that the reaction times to visual and auditory cues are equal. Furthermore, because the p values comparing reaction times between the variations to of auditory cues w ...
... unprompted and unpredictable, prompted, or predictable, were all greater than the alpha level of .05, we rejected our null hypothesis that the reaction times to visual and auditory cues are equal. Furthermore, because the p values comparing reaction times between the variations to of auditory cues w ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
... Nervous System - Can higher functions be understood in cellular terms? Patterns of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex characterize stages of sleep ...
Stress, serotonin, and hippocampal neurogenesis
... (Akiskal et al., 1983). More recent theoretical focus has largely been on biological factors, including a wealth of information supporting stress as a causal factor in depression, largely concerning chronic stress-related HPA dysregulation and toxicity from excessive glucocorticoid release (Lupien e ...
... (Akiskal et al., 1983). More recent theoretical focus has largely been on biological factors, including a wealth of information supporting stress as a causal factor in depression, largely concerning chronic stress-related HPA dysregulation and toxicity from excessive glucocorticoid release (Lupien e ...
Gymnotiform JAR and communication
... results leave us with a puzzling question: how can the nE↓/SPPn pathway alone control the JAR of Apteronotus? How is this pathway, which in Eigenmannia controls reductions in EOD rate during JAR, in Apteronotus able to raise the EOD rate in response to jamming signals with lower frequency? Even more ...
... results leave us with a puzzling question: how can the nE↓/SPPn pathway alone control the JAR of Apteronotus? How is this pathway, which in Eigenmannia controls reductions in EOD rate during JAR, in Apteronotus able to raise the EOD rate in response to jamming signals with lower frequency? Even more ...
Conditioned tone control of brain reward behavior produces highly
... such as learning and memory have been allocated to ‘‘higher” cortical areas. However, the primary auditory cortex (A1) is now known to encode the acquired significance of sound as indicated by associativelyinduced specific shifts of tuning to the frequencies of conditioned stimuli (CS) and gains in ar ...
... such as learning and memory have been allocated to ‘‘higher” cortical areas. However, the primary auditory cortex (A1) is now known to encode the acquired significance of sound as indicated by associativelyinduced specific shifts of tuning to the frequencies of conditioned stimuli (CS) and gains in ar ...
Ethological Aspects of Stress in a Model Lizard, Anolis carolinensis1
... (to which subordinates in the lab are usually relegated) or with reduced body profile on the trunk of a tree rather than out on a leafy twig (a preferred territorial surveillance site) is obvious, but it is remarkable that there is little evidence that body color has any significance as a social sig ...
... (to which subordinates in the lab are usually relegated) or with reduced body profile on the trunk of a tree rather than out on a leafy twig (a preferred territorial surveillance site) is obvious, but it is remarkable that there is little evidence that body color has any significance as a social sig ...
Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Study of
... brain that mediates this behavior built? The basic building blocks of the brain, neurons and glia, are found in both flies and mammals. Neurons show almost all the functional and molecular features of mammalian neurons: axons with their transport machinery, pumps, and voltage-gated channels that und ...
... brain that mediates this behavior built? The basic building blocks of the brain, neurons and glia, are found in both flies and mammals. Neurons show almost all the functional and molecular features of mammalian neurons: axons with their transport machinery, pumps, and voltage-gated channels that und ...
Document
... Since the earliest days of life on earth, living creatures have been exposed to a dynamic, constantly changing environment. Only those organisms with the necessary attributes to adapt were able to reproduce successfully and spread their genes forward in the tree of life. Many of the challenges facin ...
... Since the earliest days of life on earth, living creatures have been exposed to a dynamic, constantly changing environment. Only those organisms with the necessary attributes to adapt were able to reproduce successfully and spread their genes forward in the tree of life. Many of the challenges facin ...
Visuospatial processing and the right
... mute right, interpreted the response in a context consistent with its knowledge. Since it had no knowledge of the picture of the bell tower it found a feasible reason to account for the selection of the bell. Gazzaniga has postulated that this confabulation reveals the existence of an ‘‘interpreter’ ...
... mute right, interpreted the response in a context consistent with its knowledge. Since it had no knowledge of the picture of the bell tower it found a feasible reason to account for the selection of the bell. Gazzaniga has postulated that this confabulation reveals the existence of an ‘‘interpreter’ ...
Sensory Systems in the Control of Movement
... experiments had shown that spindles see origin-to-insertion length changes, with little distortion during muscle contractions (6, 49). In the Herbert (2002) study, one subject’s tendon was surgically exposed. Virtually no stretch was seen in the distal tendon. The authors concluded that the stretchi ...
... experiments had shown that spindles see origin-to-insertion length changes, with little distortion during muscle contractions (6, 49). In the Herbert (2002) study, one subject’s tendon was surgically exposed. Virtually no stretch was seen in the distal tendon. The authors concluded that the stretchi ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... given perinatal manipulation results in different morphology and/or behavior outcomes for the sexes. As one might guess, these interactions are not always straightforward, nor do they always fall into predictable patterns. Some general principles do emerge from available studies which provide insigh ...
... given perinatal manipulation results in different morphology and/or behavior outcomes for the sexes. As one might guess, these interactions are not always straightforward, nor do they always fall into predictable patterns. Some general principles do emerge from available studies which provide insigh ...
Models of bodily expression perception
... Depending on whether the stimulus is consciously seen and recognized, some of these processes may be associated with a conscious emotional experience. These are some of the main components of the ability to perceive bodily expressions. Based on results obtained so far, we have viewed them as the cor ...
... Depending on whether the stimulus is consciously seen and recognized, some of these processes may be associated with a conscious emotional experience. These are some of the main components of the ability to perceive bodily expressions. Based on results obtained so far, we have viewed them as the cor ...
In Vivo Evaluation of White Matter Integrity and Anterograde
... MRI and OCT of Visual System Upon Retinal Injury optic nerves.87 Future studies may also evaluate the potentials and safety of such Mn-chelates for assessing transport obstruction and repair in visual pathway injury compared with MnCl2. Intravitreal injection of NMDA can induce excitotoxic retinal i ...
... MRI and OCT of Visual System Upon Retinal Injury optic nerves.87 Future studies may also evaluate the potentials and safety of such Mn-chelates for assessing transport obstruction and repair in visual pathway injury compared with MnCl2. Intravitreal injection of NMDA can induce excitotoxic retinal i ...
Cerebral Cortex July 2009;19:1539--1548 doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn191 Advance Access publication November 2, 2008
... regions. The present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the hypothesis that one source of this shared architecture is that episodic future thought—much like episodic memory—tends to invoke memory for known visual--spatial contexts. That is, regions of posterior cortex (with ...
... regions. The present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the hypothesis that one source of this shared architecture is that episodic future thought—much like episodic memory—tends to invoke memory for known visual--spatial contexts. That is, regions of posterior cortex (with ...
K. Lutz, M. Widmer
... (dark orange arrow) and the anterior cingulate cortex (light orange arrow) provide the main cortical input to the ventral striatum. Moreover, the ventral striatum receives substantial dopaminergic input from the midbrain. On the other hand, ventral striatum projections target the ventral pallidum an ...
... (dark orange arrow) and the anterior cingulate cortex (light orange arrow) provide the main cortical input to the ventral striatum. Moreover, the ventral striatum receives substantial dopaminergic input from the midbrain. On the other hand, ventral striatum projections target the ventral pallidum an ...
Neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex code relative
... Many studies have shown that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is involved in the processing of emotional information. However, although some lines of study showed that the OFC is also involved in negative emotions, few electrophysiological studies have focused on the characteristics of OFC neuronal re ...
... Many studies have shown that the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is involved in the processing of emotional information. However, although some lines of study showed that the OFC is also involved in negative emotions, few electrophysiological studies have focused on the characteristics of OFC neuronal re ...
Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system
... stress becomes chronic and an allostatic load is incurred. For example, increased SNS activity with elevated blood pressure and heart rate in response to real or perceived threat is beneficial in the short term for survival, but sustained high SNS activity incurs harmful long term effects such as hyp ...
... stress becomes chronic and an allostatic load is incurred. For example, increased SNS activity with elevated blood pressure and heart rate in response to real or perceived threat is beneficial in the short term for survival, but sustained high SNS activity incurs harmful long term effects such as hyp ...
Dopamine`s Actions in Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... from DA “salience cells” that respond to aversive as well as rewarding stimuli. dlPFC Delay cells generate persistent representations of visual spatial position across the delay epoch and are thought to be concentrated in deep layer III (and possibly superficial layer V), whereas Response-related ce ...
... from DA “salience cells” that respond to aversive as well as rewarding stimuli. dlPFC Delay cells generate persistent representations of visual spatial position across the delay epoch and are thought to be concentrated in deep layer III (and possibly superficial layer V), whereas Response-related ce ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... used two group I / II nonselective mGluR agonists, trans-(6)-1amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylate (t-AC PD; Research Biochemicals), and (2S,19S,29S)-2-carboxycyclopropyl-glycine (LCCG-I; Tocris Cookson). The C a 21 rise in response to GABA plus the mGluR agonist was compared with the C a 21 rise in ...
... used two group I / II nonselective mGluR agonists, trans-(6)-1amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylate (t-AC PD; Research Biochemicals), and (2S,19S,29S)-2-carboxycyclopropyl-glycine (LCCG-I; Tocris Cookson). The C a 21 rise in response to GABA plus the mGluR agonist was compared with the C a 21 rise in ...
Article
... mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural circuits, such as spatio-temporal coordination and flexibility. Each cycle of motor output involves sequences of muscle contraction and relaxation in multiple parts of the body, and c ...
... mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural circuits, such as spatio-temporal coordination and flexibility. Each cycle of motor output involves sequences of muscle contraction and relaxation in multiple parts of the body, and c ...
CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cord Cephalization
... It is responsible for communication between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and within areas of the cerebrum ...
... It is responsible for communication between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS center, and within areas of the cerebrum ...
Astrocyteneuron interaction in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal
... min for 10 s each, either at increasing (Fig. 2Aa,b) or at stable concentrations (Fig. 1Bc,Ca,Da). When the interaction of 20 (30 )-O-(4benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-50 -triphosphate tri(triethylammonium) salt (Bz-ATP) with excitatory amino acid (EAA), GABAA, or P2X7 receptor antagonists was studied, a s ...
... min for 10 s each, either at increasing (Fig. 2Aa,b) or at stable concentrations (Fig. 1Bc,Ca,Da). When the interaction of 20 (30 )-O-(4benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-50 -triphosphate tri(triethylammonium) salt (Bz-ATP) with excitatory amino acid (EAA), GABAA, or P2X7 receptor antagonists was studied, a s ...