Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... of high reward value primarily affects the sensory working memory that may be used for behavioral guidance rather than preparation for forthcoming saccades. It thus appears that the LPFC is a neuronal substrate for working memory used to guide a reward-oriented behavior, rather than reflecting an ef ...
... of high reward value primarily affects the sensory working memory that may be used for behavioral guidance rather than preparation for forthcoming saccades. It thus appears that the LPFC is a neuronal substrate for working memory used to guide a reward-oriented behavior, rather than reflecting an ef ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
... Can we use what we know to control someone else’s brain? How likely is it that once we know exactly how the brain functions that we will be able to control another person’s brain? It sounds like science fiction, but we can actually do it right now, even with the limited knowledge we have. Transcrani ...
Probing electrical signals in the retina via graphene
... soma and is associated with the “blind spot” in visual perception. However, it is an area of concentrated electrical activity due to the tight bundling of unmyelinated RGC axons. Various techniques have been developed to study the neural activity in the retina and other neural networks. Patch-clamp ...
... soma and is associated with the “blind spot” in visual perception. However, it is an area of concentrated electrical activity due to the tight bundling of unmyelinated RGC axons. Various techniques have been developed to study the neural activity in the retina and other neural networks. Patch-clamp ...
Galanin in Alzheimer s disease: Neuroinhibitory or neuroprotective?
... GAL-tg mice demonstrated a downregulation of ChAT mRNA per cell within the horizontal limb without a difference in the number of ChAT mRNAcontaining neurons in this area [87]. Hence, GAL overexpression in the basal forebrain of GAL-tg mice may selectively reduce the expression of the cholinergic neu ...
... GAL-tg mice demonstrated a downregulation of ChAT mRNA per cell within the horizontal limb without a difference in the number of ChAT mRNAcontaining neurons in this area [87]. Hence, GAL overexpression in the basal forebrain of GAL-tg mice may selectively reduce the expression of the cholinergic neu ...
Integration of Visual and Auditory Information by Superior Temporal
... be based upon a matching of sensory input to the motor representation of the same action within premotor cortex (Bekkering & Wohlschlaeger, 2002; Prinz, 2002; Viviani, 2002; Iacoboni et al., 1999). Alternatively, a more feed-forward process could occur whereby a polysensory representation of the act ...
... be based upon a matching of sensory input to the motor representation of the same action within premotor cortex (Bekkering & Wohlschlaeger, 2002; Prinz, 2002; Viviani, 2002; Iacoboni et al., 1999). Alternatively, a more feed-forward process could occur whereby a polysensory representation of the act ...
Pharmacology 18a – Priciples of GABAergic Transmission
... GABA is stored in vesicles in nerve terminals (like any other neurotransmitter) and is released by exocytosis upon influx of calcium ions. GABA Receptors There are 2 types of GABA receptor: GABAA Generally POSTsynaptic When activated by GABA cause influx of Cl- ions This causes the cell to hyp ...
... GABA is stored in vesicles in nerve terminals (like any other neurotransmitter) and is released by exocytosis upon influx of calcium ions. GABA Receptors There are 2 types of GABA receptor: GABAA Generally POSTsynaptic When activated by GABA cause influx of Cl- ions This causes the cell to hyp ...
Full Text - Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard
... To identify genes that control the cell-type specification and differentiation of callosal projection neurons, we compared the gene expression profiles of CPN with two other pure populations of cortical projection neurons: corticospinal motor neurons and corticotectal projection neurons. The general ...
... To identify genes that control the cell-type specification and differentiation of callosal projection neurons, we compared the gene expression profiles of CPN with two other pure populations of cortical projection neurons: corticospinal motor neurons and corticotectal projection neurons. The general ...
How do neurons communicate?
... see depolarization (change from negative inside neuron to more positive) ◦ “threshold” – if a great enough depolarization occurs, an action potential will occur ◦ action potential – very quick – milliseconds Other terms – spike, firing, generating an AP ...
... see depolarization (change from negative inside neuron to more positive) ◦ “threshold” – if a great enough depolarization occurs, an action potential will occur ◦ action potential – very quick – milliseconds Other terms – spike, firing, generating an AP ...
PDF
... synapse formation remain unknown. To identify genes that regulate or mediate the function of SAD-1, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified the sole C. elegans homolog of Neurabin (NAB-1) that physically interacts with SAD-1 both in vivo and in vitro. Mammalian Neurabin (NeurabinI) and ...
... synapse formation remain unknown. To identify genes that regulate or mediate the function of SAD-1, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified the sole C. elegans homolog of Neurabin (NAB-1) that physically interacts with SAD-1 both in vivo and in vitro. Mammalian Neurabin (NeurabinI) and ...
Here - Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience
... might allow for the establishment of the angular relationship between different representational frames. A number of single-unit recording studies have shown that areas of the primate posterior parietal cortex, again in and around the intraparietal sulcus, contain neurons that exhibit firing pattern ...
... might allow for the establishment of the angular relationship between different representational frames. A number of single-unit recording studies have shown that areas of the primate posterior parietal cortex, again in and around the intraparietal sulcus, contain neurons that exhibit firing pattern ...
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in
... the intermediate zone, whereas those from the CMAv were concentrated in the dorsomedial region. Thus, the CMAd and CMAv may innervate distinct sets of interneurons that project directly to motoneurons, and thereby influence specific aspects of segmental motor control. These results suggest that cort ...
... the intermediate zone, whereas those from the CMAv were concentrated in the dorsomedial region. Thus, the CMAd and CMAv may innervate distinct sets of interneurons that project directly to motoneurons, and thereby influence specific aspects of segmental motor control. These results suggest that cort ...
propofol alters vesicular transport in rat cortical neuronal cultures
... function and plasticity (8). General anesthetics preferentially affect synaptic transmission rather than axonal conduction (9) by agent-specific postsynaptic and/or presynaptic mechanisms (10- ...
... function and plasticity (8). General anesthetics preferentially affect synaptic transmission rather than axonal conduction (9) by agent-specific postsynaptic and/or presynaptic mechanisms (10- ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... pathway in the healthy condition and during Parkinson’s disease. In addition, our structural data suggest that the rodent nigrothalamic pathway can be a valid model of the primate condition, when the mechanism of GABAergic transmission is studied. Key words: spillover; driver; axon terminal; active ...
... pathway in the healthy condition and during Parkinson’s disease. In addition, our structural data suggest that the rodent nigrothalamic pathway can be a valid model of the primate condition, when the mechanism of GABAergic transmission is studied. Key words: spillover; driver; axon terminal; active ...
A Split-LexA-based Concatenate Expression System for
... transcription of a downstream transgene through its activation domain (AD). In the LexA::VP16/LexAop system, a promoter/enhancer (P) drives the expression of the E. coli transcriptional repressor LexA fused to the VP16 transactivation domain. LexA::VP16 then binds to the LexA operator sequence (LexA ...
... transcription of a downstream transgene through its activation domain (AD). In the LexA::VP16/LexAop system, a promoter/enhancer (P) drives the expression of the E. coli transcriptional repressor LexA fused to the VP16 transactivation domain. LexA::VP16 then binds to the LexA operator sequence (LexA ...
Cues that hippocampal place cells encode
... to the stimuli, rotating in correspondence with the emphasized stimuli (O’Keefe and Conway, 1978; Muller and Kubie, 1987; O’Keefe and Speakman, 1987). By manipulating controlled cues in these simplified environments, much has been learned about which cues and spatial relations are employed in hippoc ...
... to the stimuli, rotating in correspondence with the emphasized stimuli (O’Keefe and Conway, 1978; Muller and Kubie, 1987; O’Keefe and Speakman, 1987). By manipulating controlled cues in these simplified environments, much has been learned about which cues and spatial relations are employed in hippoc ...
The power of the mind: the cortex as a critical determinant of muscle
... that the cortex is a critical determinant of muscle strength/ weakness and VA, and that high levels of intracortical inhibition is an important neurophysiological factor regulating strength/weakness. To test this hypothesis, healthy individuals underwent 4 wk of wrist-hand immobilization to induce w ...
... that the cortex is a critical determinant of muscle strength/ weakness and VA, and that high levels of intracortical inhibition is an important neurophysiological factor regulating strength/weakness. To test this hypothesis, healthy individuals underwent 4 wk of wrist-hand immobilization to induce w ...
MAP2 and Tau Segregate into Dendritic and Axonal Domains After
... and excluded from the dense plexus of fine-caliber axonal processes (Caceres et al., 1984). When neurons from this same culture system were observed developing processes in vitro, MAP2 immunoreactivity was present in axon-like processes during the first week of neurite formation, after which time it ...
... and excluded from the dense plexus of fine-caliber axonal processes (Caceres et al., 1984). When neurons from this same culture system were observed developing processes in vitro, MAP2 immunoreactivity was present in axon-like processes during the first week of neurite formation, after which time it ...
Traumatic Injuries to the Spinal Cord
... is direct or indirect and partly on the level at which the vertebral column received the trauma. The deformities of bone, which result are determined by variations in the structure of the vertebral column at its various levels. For example, mobility is the primary function of the cervical spine. To ...
... is direct or indirect and partly on the level at which the vertebral column received the trauma. The deformities of bone, which result are determined by variations in the structure of the vertebral column at its various levels. For example, mobility is the primary function of the cervical spine. To ...
Embryology File
... • The nervous system continues to develop and changes occur up until the early 20’s • The main changes include: • Myelination • Formation of synapses • Synaptic pruning • Apoptosis LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ...
... • The nervous system continues to develop and changes occur up until the early 20’s • The main changes include: • Myelination • Formation of synapses • Synaptic pruning • Apoptosis LCSC06 | Biosciences for SLT ...
Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic
... for triggering a series of biochemical events that contribute to the expression of LTP. Ca2þ binds to calmodulin (CaM) and leads to activation of Ca2þ-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (ACs), mainly AC1 and Ca2þ/CaM-dependent protein kinases. The trafficking of postsynaptic GluA1 containing AMPA receptor ...
... for triggering a series of biochemical events that contribute to the expression of LTP. Ca2þ binds to calmodulin (CaM) and leads to activation of Ca2þ-stimulated adenylyl cyclases (ACs), mainly AC1 and Ca2þ/CaM-dependent protein kinases. The trafficking of postsynaptic GluA1 containing AMPA receptor ...
Voluntary Movement: The Primary Motor Cortex
... a strong argument for the localization of different functions in distinct parts of the cerebral cortex. His observations, along with contemporaneous studies by Pierre Paul Broca and Karl Wernicke on the language deficits resulting from specific cortical lesions, laid the foundation for the modern sc ...
... a strong argument for the localization of different functions in distinct parts of the cerebral cortex. His observations, along with contemporaneous studies by Pierre Paul Broca and Karl Wernicke on the language deficits resulting from specific cortical lesions, laid the foundation for the modern sc ...
Single-Trial Decoding of Visual Attention from Local Field Potentials
... high-frequency LFPs was fully redundant with the information contained in the spiking activity of single neurons recorded from the same electrodes. Moreover, the decoding of attention using ␥ frequency LFPs was less accurate than using spikes, but it was twice more stable across time. Finally, decor ...
... high-frequency LFPs was fully redundant with the information contained in the spiking activity of single neurons recorded from the same electrodes. Moreover, the decoding of attention using ␥ frequency LFPs was less accurate than using spikes, but it was twice more stable across time. Finally, decor ...
Immunohistochemical description of the endogenous cannabinoid
... We have evaluated the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors, FAAH, MAGL, DAGL␣, DAGL, and NAPE-PLD in the adult rat cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. Manipulation of animals was in accordance with the European Communities Council Directives (86/609/EEC) on the treatment of experimental animals. Adult ...
... We have evaluated the presence of CB1 and CB2 receptors, FAAH, MAGL, DAGL␣, DAGL, and NAPE-PLD in the adult rat cerebellum by immunohistochemistry. Manipulation of animals was in accordance with the European Communities Council Directives (86/609/EEC) on the treatment of experimental animals. Adult ...
