Time representation in reinforcement learning models of
... It is instructive to compare how these two models account for the data on early reward presented by Hollerman and Schultz (1998). In the Ludvig et al. (2008) model, the weights for all the microstimuli are updated after every time step: The late microstimuli associated with the cue (i.e., those cent ...
... It is instructive to compare how these two models account for the data on early reward presented by Hollerman and Schultz (1998). In the Ludvig et al. (2008) model, the weights for all the microstimuli are updated after every time step: The late microstimuli associated with the cue (i.e., those cent ...
Broca`s Area in Language, Action, and Music
... also during actions directed towards large objects (e.g., whole-hand prehension).24 The most likely interpretation for the visual discharge of these visuomotor neurons is that, at least in adults, there is a close link between the most common 3D stimuli and the actions necessary to interact with the ...
... also during actions directed towards large objects (e.g., whole-hand prehension).24 The most likely interpretation for the visual discharge of these visuomotor neurons is that, at least in adults, there is a close link between the most common 3D stimuli and the actions necessary to interact with the ...
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
... The nerve conduction study should be done on the most affected limb(s) and on the contralateral side as indicated by those findings. Nerve conduction studies in an ALS patient will demonstrate normal sensory responses provided there are no superimposed peripheral or focal neuropathies. This occurs d ...
... The nerve conduction study should be done on the most affected limb(s) and on the contralateral side as indicated by those findings. Nerve conduction studies in an ALS patient will demonstrate normal sensory responses provided there are no superimposed peripheral or focal neuropathies. This occurs d ...
Slide 1
... (depicted in tracings on the right). Postulated inhibitory connections are shown as red circles; postulated excitatory connections as green circles; and cholinergic pontine nuclei are shown as blue circles. It should be noted that the actual synaptic signs of many of the aminergic and reticular path ...
... (depicted in tracings on the right). Postulated inhibitory connections are shown as red circles; postulated excitatory connections as green circles; and cholinergic pontine nuclei are shown as blue circles. It should be noted that the actual synaptic signs of many of the aminergic and reticular path ...
Cerebral Cortex
... correlate of maintenance processes that take place during the delay, and thus has been taken to be the neural signature of working memory. The “delayed response test” has classically been a used to evaluate prefrontal function, eg. after brief delay period, food reward changes compartments Lesions r ...
... correlate of maintenance processes that take place during the delay, and thus has been taken to be the neural signature of working memory. The “delayed response test” has classically been a used to evaluate prefrontal function, eg. after brief delay period, food reward changes compartments Lesions r ...
PDF
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
General layout of the Nervous System
... brain consists of three major divisions, organized around the three chambers of the tube that develops early in embryonic life: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. Although ...
... brain consists of three major divisions, organized around the three chambers of the tube that develops early in embryonic life: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. Although ...
Morphology and Physiology of the Cerebellar Vestibulolateral Lobe
... FIG. 1. Afferent organization of the cerebellar vestibulolateral lobe in goldfish. A and B: lateral view of the intact goldfish hindbrain and cerebellum in which the schematic diagram is drawn at the same scale to closely depict the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal locations of the major mid- and hindb ...
... FIG. 1. Afferent organization of the cerebellar vestibulolateral lobe in goldfish. A and B: lateral view of the intact goldfish hindbrain and cerebellum in which the schematic diagram is drawn at the same scale to closely depict the dorsoventral and rostrocaudal locations of the major mid- and hindb ...
J. Neurophysiol. - Nonlinear Dynamics Group
... the firing activity of specific populations of neurons to animal behaviors, defining sites with neuronal activity in particular behavioral contexts as the functional areas corresponding to those behaviors. Although such observations are interesting in themselves, these studies do not necessarily exa ...
... the firing activity of specific populations of neurons to animal behaviors, defining sites with neuronal activity in particular behavioral contexts as the functional areas corresponding to those behaviors. Although such observations are interesting in themselves, these studies do not necessarily exa ...
Reinforcement, and Punishment Striatal Mechanisms Underlying
... Although many studies implicated striatal dopamine in movement, a parallel view emerged for striatal dopamine in reinforcement and reward. The term reinforcement describes processes that maintain or increase behavior, whereas the term punishment describes processes that decrease behavior (11, 175). ...
... Although many studies implicated striatal dopamine in movement, a parallel view emerged for striatal dopamine in reinforcement and reward. The term reinforcement describes processes that maintain or increase behavior, whereas the term punishment describes processes that decrease behavior (11, 175). ...
Definition of Neuronal Circuitry Controlling the Activity of Phrenic
... postural adjustments, activity of both the diaphragm and abdominal muscles increases. Previous transneuronal tracing studies using injection of pseudorabies virus (PRV) into either the diaphragm or rectus abdominis (RA) of the ferret demonstrated that motoneurons innervating these muscles receive in ...
... postural adjustments, activity of both the diaphragm and abdominal muscles increases. Previous transneuronal tracing studies using injection of pseudorabies virus (PRV) into either the diaphragm or rectus abdominis (RA) of the ferret demonstrated that motoneurons innervating these muscles receive in ...
Impact of acute inflammation on spinal motoneuron synaptic
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF VISUAL-SACCADIC DECISION MAKING
... Descartes’ dualist proposal was a tremendous advance for physiologists. It suggested that at least one of the processes that generated behavior could be studied with purely physiological methodologies. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries physiologists made good use of this hypothesis ...
... Descartes’ dualist proposal was a tremendous advance for physiologists. It suggested that at least one of the processes that generated behavior could be studied with purely physiological methodologies. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries physiologists made good use of this hypothesis ...
Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... b. post-synaptic receptors c. synaptic vesicles d. endoplasmic reticulum of the neuron's soma e. dendritic endings ...
... b. post-synaptic receptors c. synaptic vesicles d. endoplasmic reticulum of the neuron's soma e. dendritic endings ...
Basal ganglia discharge abnormalities in Parkinson`s disease
... pathophysiology. For example, based on the model, pallidal lesions would be expected to result in involuntary movements, but, in fact, have little effect on normal motor behavior. Similarly, thalamic inactivation, although predicted to induce parkinsonism, does not. Pattern changes Given that change ...
... pathophysiology. For example, based on the model, pallidal lesions would be expected to result in involuntary movements, but, in fact, have little effect on normal motor behavior. Similarly, thalamic inactivation, although predicted to induce parkinsonism, does not. Pattern changes Given that change ...
Histamine reduces firing and bursting of anterior and intralaminar
... recovery). Neurons that changed their discharge rate by more than 25% (or at least by 0.5 impulses per s when firing at a rate below 1 spike per s) during at least one response period were regarded as being responsive to the applied drug. The prevailing direction of changes in all neurons of one pop ...
... recovery). Neurons that changed their discharge rate by more than 25% (or at least by 0.5 impulses per s when firing at a rate below 1 spike per s) during at least one response period were regarded as being responsive to the applied drug. The prevailing direction of changes in all neurons of one pop ...
Chapter 27
... (2) from greek myth where hermaphroditis (son of Hermes and Aphrodite) fused with a woman to become a single, bisexual individual (3) some species can fertilize own eggs (a)tapeworms (4) mating must occur in most hermaphroditic animals (a)when mating, both animals serve as male and female (i) they f ...
... (2) from greek myth where hermaphroditis (son of Hermes and Aphrodite) fused with a woman to become a single, bisexual individual (3) some species can fertilize own eggs (a)tapeworms (4) mating must occur in most hermaphroditic animals (a)when mating, both animals serve as male and female (i) they f ...
Self Assessment Chapter 14 - CM
... • ANS motor neurons do not directly innervate their target like somatic motors neurons; require a two-neuron circuit (Figure 14.2b): • Preganglionic neuron – initial efferent neuron; cell body resides within CNS; all axons release acetylcholine • Postganglionic neuron – cell body resides in autonomi ...
... • ANS motor neurons do not directly innervate their target like somatic motors neurons; require a two-neuron circuit (Figure 14.2b): • Preganglionic neuron – initial efferent neuron; cell body resides within CNS; all axons release acetylcholine • Postganglionic neuron – cell body resides in autonomi ...
Stochastic dynamics as a principle of brain function
... factor in a network with a finite (i.e., limited) number of neurons. The spiking noise can be described as introducing statistical fluctuations into the finite-size system. It is important that the outcome that is reached, and not just its time course, is influenced on each trial by these statistical flu ...
... factor in a network with a finite (i.e., limited) number of neurons. The spiking noise can be described as introducing statistical fluctuations into the finite-size system. It is important that the outcome that is reached, and not just its time course, is influenced on each trial by these statistical flu ...
Impaired intracellular trafficking defines early Parkinson`s disease
... role of a-synuclein and other cellular transport proteins implicated in PD and how their aberrant activity may be compounded by the unique anatomy of the dopaminergic neuron. This review uses multiple lines of evidence from genetic studies, human tissue, induced pluripotent stem cells, and refined a ...
... role of a-synuclein and other cellular transport proteins implicated in PD and how their aberrant activity may be compounded by the unique anatomy of the dopaminergic neuron. This review uses multiple lines of evidence from genetic studies, human tissue, induced pluripotent stem cells, and refined a ...
Evolution of Time-Coding Systems in Weakly Electric Fishes
... form and mormyrid fishes (Bastian, 1976; Bell, 1990). These which males produce longer pulses during sexual maturaafferents fire a single action potential in response to each tion. In all electric fishes, longer pulses are energetically EOD. As will be shown in later sections, these time-coding cost ...
... form and mormyrid fishes (Bastian, 1976; Bell, 1990). These which males produce longer pulses during sexual maturaafferents fire a single action potential in response to each tion. In all electric fishes, longer pulses are energetically EOD. As will be shown in later sections, these time-coding cost ...
TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS - eCurriculum
... Transmits pain and temperature sensation from the body. Located laterally in the spinal cord and remains relatively lateral through the brainstem and midbrain – (you will need to know the exact location – shown to you in video). Crosses in the spinal cord. Called the Lateral Spinothalamic Tr ...
... Transmits pain and temperature sensation from the body. Located laterally in the spinal cord and remains relatively lateral through the brainstem and midbrain – (you will need to know the exact location – shown to you in video). Crosses in the spinal cord. Called the Lateral Spinothalamic Tr ...