How do Migraines Happen
... Researchers have observed in animals that cortical spreading depression does indeed activate the trigeminal nerves in this way. That pathway to pain could even explain what happens in patients who do not experience aura. According to this view, cortical spreading depression might occur in areas of t ...
... Researchers have observed in animals that cortical spreading depression does indeed activate the trigeminal nerves in this way. That pathway to pain could even explain what happens in patients who do not experience aura. According to this view, cortical spreading depression might occur in areas of t ...
Distinct Representation and Distribution of Visual Information by
... Animal Care and Use Committee. Mice of either sex were 6 –16 weeks old at the time of all in vitro and in vivo electrophysiological recordings. For some experiments, we used the following transgenic mice: Gad2–Cre (Taniguchi et al., 2011), Gad2–Cre ⫻ Ai9 (Madisen et al., 2010), vGAT– ChR2 (Zhao et a ...
... Animal Care and Use Committee. Mice of either sex were 6 –16 weeks old at the time of all in vitro and in vivo electrophysiological recordings. For some experiments, we used the following transgenic mice: Gad2–Cre (Taniguchi et al., 2011), Gad2–Cre ⫻ Ai9 (Madisen et al., 2010), vGAT– ChR2 (Zhao et a ...
Lens induction in axolotls: comparison with inductive signaling
... (Spemann, 1901), the lens is induced by direct contact from the underlying optic vesicle, which will later form the retina. Later studies, however, showed that, at least in some species, the lens cells can be determined without contact with the optic vesicle (reviews: Spemann, 1938; Jacobson and Sat ...
... (Spemann, 1901), the lens is induced by direct contact from the underlying optic vesicle, which will later form the retina. Later studies, however, showed that, at least in some species, the lens cells can be determined without contact with the optic vesicle (reviews: Spemann, 1938; Jacobson and Sat ...
Reflexes - Sinoe Medical Association
... surrounded by white matter (myelinated axons). The white matter of the spinal cord consists of ascending and descending fiber tracts, with the ascending tracts transmitting sensory information (from receptors in the skin, skin skeletal muscles muscles, tendons tendons, joints joints, & various visce ...
... surrounded by white matter (myelinated axons). The white matter of the spinal cord consists of ascending and descending fiber tracts, with the ascending tracts transmitting sensory information (from receptors in the skin, skin skeletal muscles muscles, tendons tendons, joints joints, & various visce ...
tractus corticomuscularis
... different physiological processes. That means that nervous system unites, integrates and subordinates all the parts of human body and provides its connection with environment ...
... different physiological processes. That means that nervous system unites, integrates and subordinates all the parts of human body and provides its connection with environment ...
REVIEW VERTEBRAE, SPINAL NERVES, REFLEXES 1
... not pathological but due to increased activation of Gamma motor neurons associated with nervousness and anxiety. Which of the following is an action of Gamma motor neurons that could produce the mild hyperreflexia? A. Increase sensitivity of Golgi tendon organs B. Increase sensitivity of Ia fibers i ...
... not pathological but due to increased activation of Gamma motor neurons associated with nervousness and anxiety. Which of the following is an action of Gamma motor neurons that could produce the mild hyperreflexia? A. Increase sensitivity of Golgi tendon organs B. Increase sensitivity of Ia fibers i ...
Figure and Ground in the Visual Cortex: V2 Combines Stereoscopic
... orientation was assumed to be vertical; hatching indicates the nearer of the two surfaces.) To control for effects of stimulus position, each edge was presented at various positions relative to the receptive field, as indicated by the scales. The bar graphs below show the responses as a function of ...
... orientation was assumed to be vertical; hatching indicates the nearer of the two surfaces.) To control for effects of stimulus position, each edge was presented at various positions relative to the receptive field, as indicated by the scales. The bar graphs below show the responses as a function of ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT). In relation to Pavlovian conditioning another important phenomenon is the conditioned reinforcement (CRf). If a neutral stimulus is pared with a primary reinforcer, the stimulus gains affective or motivational value, therefore the animal works for the stimulus ...
... Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT). In relation to Pavlovian conditioning another important phenomenon is the conditioned reinforcement (CRf). If a neutral stimulus is pared with a primary reinforcer, the stimulus gains affective or motivational value, therefore the animal works for the stimulus ...
sms5
... Figure 34-5 The amount of active contractile force developed during contraction depends on the degree of overlap of thick and thin filaments. When the sarcomere is stretched beyond the length at which the thick and thin filaments overlap (length a), no active force develops because the myosin heads ...
... Figure 34-5 The amount of active contractile force developed during contraction depends on the degree of overlap of thick and thin filaments. When the sarcomere is stretched beyond the length at which the thick and thin filaments overlap (length a), no active force develops because the myosin heads ...
Development of the Nervous System of Carinina ochracea
... could be identified at each stage. Only signals that were consistent in several larvae are documented (Table 1). In many larvae, bilaterally occurring neural structures seem to display immunoreactivity slightly earlier on one side of the body than on the other. Cross reactivity of antibodies was not ...
... could be identified at each stage. Only signals that were consistent in several larvae are documented (Table 1). In many larvae, bilaterally occurring neural structures seem to display immunoreactivity slightly earlier on one side of the body than on the other. Cross reactivity of antibodies was not ...
Expectancies in decision making, reinforcement
... 2009a). Johnson and Redish (2007) recently identified a possible neural correlate of the internal generation of potential choice outcomes. Recording from ensembles of hippocampal neurons, it was found that while the ensemble usually represented locations close to the animal’s actual location (as wou ...
... 2009a). Johnson and Redish (2007) recently identified a possible neural correlate of the internal generation of potential choice outcomes. Recording from ensembles of hippocampal neurons, it was found that while the ensemble usually represented locations close to the animal’s actual location (as wou ...
Commitment of mesoderm cells in Hensen`s node of
... detailed fate map of Hensen's node in the early chick embryo (Selleck and Stern, 1991). This study revealed that the node is spatially organised: at stage 4, there is a V-shaped region in the anterior midline which contains prospective notochord cells, and posterolateral regions whose deep portions ...
... detailed fate map of Hensen's node in the early chick embryo (Selleck and Stern, 1991). This study revealed that the node is spatially organised: at stage 4, there is a V-shaped region in the anterior midline which contains prospective notochord cells, and posterolateral regions whose deep portions ...
Neural Substrates Related to Motor Memory with Multiple
... temporoparietal junction; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; TR, repetition time. ...
... temporoparietal junction; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation; TR, repetition time. ...
Pregnancy and development File
... – hCG levels rise until the end of the second month, then decline as the placenta begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen ...
... – hCG levels rise until the end of the second month, then decline as the placenta begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen ...
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection
... Computational models have provided quantitative tests of these ideas, revealed the further necessary mechanisms for successful selection, and shown how these mechanisms are implemented by components of the basal ganglia circuit. The box-and-arrow model accounts of “direct” pathway control of selecti ...
... Computational models have provided quantitative tests of these ideas, revealed the further necessary mechanisms for successful selection, and shown how these mechanisms are implemented by components of the basal ganglia circuit. The box-and-arrow model accounts of “direct” pathway control of selecti ...
Critical Periods:
... – this strengthening process involves increasing synaptic input and the dendritic complexity of neurons: 1) more synapses, 2) more dendritic spines, 3) increase in length and branching of dendrites ...
... – this strengthening process involves increasing synaptic input and the dendritic complexity of neurons: 1) more synapses, 2) more dendritic spines, 3) increase in length and branching of dendrites ...
Commitment of mesoderm cells in Hensen`s node of
... detailed fate map of Hensen's node in the early chick embryo (Selleck and Stern, 1991). This study revealed that the node is spatially organised: at stage 4, there is a V-shaped region in the anterior midline which contains prospective notochord cells, and posterolateral regions whose deep portions ...
... detailed fate map of Hensen's node in the early chick embryo (Selleck and Stern, 1991). This study revealed that the node is spatially organised: at stage 4, there is a V-shaped region in the anterior midline which contains prospective notochord cells, and posterolateral regions whose deep portions ...
local connectivity between neurons of the rat globus pallidus
... this is the volume enclosed by a net thrown over the branches of a tree. The total volume of the branches themselves is not of interest here, but rather the empty volume enclosed by the net is most instructive; the latter could be equivalent to the volume of GP innervated by a single axonal arbour. ...
... this is the volume enclosed by a net thrown over the branches of a tree. The total volume of the branches themselves is not of interest here, but rather the empty volume enclosed by the net is most instructive; the latter could be equivalent to the volume of GP innervated by a single axonal arbour. ...
Centre for the Biology of Memory
... has produced a series of sensational findings. In its first year of operation, researchers found that direct inputs from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus are responsible for spatial orientation. In 2004, they showed that the entorhinal cortex contains an accurate spatial map of the animal’s ...
... has produced a series of sensational findings. In its first year of operation, researchers found that direct inputs from the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus are responsible for spatial orientation. In 2004, they showed that the entorhinal cortex contains an accurate spatial map of the animal’s ...
Frog Vision
... provide a recoding of the retinal image. • The retinal image is specified in terms of luminance at each receptor - this description is redundant and not useful to frog. • Tectal neurons recode each small region on retina in terms of 4 basic features or parameters, so we have 4 different average firi ...
... provide a recoding of the retinal image. • The retinal image is specified in terms of luminance at each receptor - this description is redundant and not useful to frog. • Tectal neurons recode each small region on retina in terms of 4 basic features or parameters, so we have 4 different average firi ...
Neural-Symbolic Learning and Reasoning: Contributions and
... (Bader, Hitzler, Hölldobler, 2008; d’Avila Garcez, Lamb, Gabbay, 2009). Further, neural-symbolic systems have been applied to a number of problems in the areas of bioinformatics, control engineering, software verification and adaptation, visual intelligence, ontology learning, and computer games (Bo ...
... (Bader, Hitzler, Hölldobler, 2008; d’Avila Garcez, Lamb, Gabbay, 2009). Further, neural-symbolic systems have been applied to a number of problems in the areas of bioinformatics, control engineering, software verification and adaptation, visual intelligence, ontology learning, and computer games (Bo ...
Chapter 28: Nervous
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...