The Output Signal of Purkinje Cells of the Cerebellum and Circadian
... FEO [13]. Rhythmic clock gene expression in the cerebellum is independent from the master clock in the SCN, because in cerebellar brain slices that are isolated from any input signal this rhythmicity persists for several days [3,13]. However, if Purkinje cells harbor an intrinsic circadian oscillato ...
... FEO [13]. Rhythmic clock gene expression in the cerebellum is independent from the master clock in the SCN, because in cerebellar brain slices that are isolated from any input signal this rhythmicity persists for several days [3,13]. However, if Purkinje cells harbor an intrinsic circadian oscillato ...
Appendix S1 Relation of local short
... activities, where each of the activities has something common with the others within the class (one-class–to–one relation). Moreover, two classes of neurons’ activity do not overlap (otherwise the same configuration of firing neurons could give rise to two or more different short-term spectra). Thus ...
... activities, where each of the activities has something common with the others within the class (one-class–to–one relation). Moreover, two classes of neurons’ activity do not overlap (otherwise the same configuration of firing neurons could give rise to two or more different short-term spectra). Thus ...
CATEGORIES IN THE PIGEON BRAIN - Ruhr-Universität
... the basic and superordinate level. We adopt a reverse engineering approach to study categorization learning: Instead of training pigeons on predefined categories, we simply present stimuli and analyze neural output in search of categorical clustering on a solely neural level. We presented artificial ...
... the basic and superordinate level. We adopt a reverse engineering approach to study categorization learning: Instead of training pigeons on predefined categories, we simply present stimuli and analyze neural output in search of categorical clustering on a solely neural level. We presented artificial ...
Nervous System Part 4
... activites – Conserves energy – Maintains daily necessary body functions – Remember as the “D” division • digestion, defecation, and diuresis ...
... activites – Conserves energy – Maintains daily necessary body functions – Remember as the “D” division • digestion, defecation, and diuresis ...
The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review
... degenerative, age-related alterations that affect the integrity of myelin sheaths. It should be pointed out however, that both of these changes are localized and do not extend along the entire length of an internode. This can be seen in longitudinal sections of affected nerve fibers (Fig. 4), and se ...
... degenerative, age-related alterations that affect the integrity of myelin sheaths. It should be pointed out however, that both of these changes are localized and do not extend along the entire length of an internode. This can be seen in longitudinal sections of affected nerve fibers (Fig. 4), and se ...
Aging of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract: a complex organ system
... to determine. Studies of the responses of smooth muscle in isolated gut samples to electrically induced nerve stimulation indicate that smooth muscle contractility may be increased in older animals; however, this could, in part at least, be due to the increased thickness of the muscle layers seen in ...
... to determine. Studies of the responses of smooth muscle in isolated gut samples to electrically induced nerve stimulation indicate that smooth muscle contractility may be increased in older animals; however, this could, in part at least, be due to the increased thickness of the muscle layers seen in ...
Feedforward, horizontal, and feedback processing
... identical up to about 80 ms after stimulus onset (note the horizontal wave at the back of the plot, which is at 50 ms). Then, responses are ‘highlighted’ at the boundary between figure and ground first. This is followed by an equal response enhancement for all positions of the RF within the figure, ...
... identical up to about 80 ms after stimulus onset (note the horizontal wave at the back of the plot, which is at 50 ms). Then, responses are ‘highlighted’ at the boundary between figure and ground first. This is followed by an equal response enhancement for all positions of the RF within the figure, ...
synaptic connections of morphologically identified and
... axo n, however, was recovered from the third basket cell. The lateral spread of the axons of the first two basket cells was 900 I'm or more in laye r III and, for the third cell, was over 1500 I'm in the antero-posterior dimension, a value indicating that the latter neuron probably fulfill s the fir ...
... axo n, however, was recovered from the third basket cell. The lateral spread of the axons of the first two basket cells was 900 I'm or more in laye r III and, for the third cell, was over 1500 I'm in the antero-posterior dimension, a value indicating that the latter neuron probably fulfill s the fir ...
Optophysiological analysis of associational circuits in the olfactory
... FIGURE 2 | Light-evoked EPSCs at AON to aPC synapses. (A) ChR2-EYFP expressing axon fibers from the AON projecting to the aPC with AAV injection into the AON of a rat pup (P6). Fluorescence intensity was high in layer 1b where most of the associational fibers are found, but there were also labeled f ...
... FIGURE 2 | Light-evoked EPSCs at AON to aPC synapses. (A) ChR2-EYFP expressing axon fibers from the AON projecting to the aPC with AAV injection into the AON of a rat pup (P6). Fluorescence intensity was high in layer 1b where most of the associational fibers are found, but there were also labeled f ...
Understanding Embodied Cognition through Dynamical Systems
... In Figure 1, all vectors point towards a point in the lower left quadrant of the space, marked by a small dot, at which the vector field converges and around which the length of the vectors becomes infinitesimally small. Once activation levels have reached this point, their rate of change is approxi ...
... In Figure 1, all vectors point towards a point in the lower left quadrant of the space, marked by a small dot, at which the vector field converges and around which the length of the vectors becomes infinitesimally small. Once activation levels have reached this point, their rate of change is approxi ...
Competitive Dynamics in Cortical Responses to Visual Stimuli
... Huxley-type conductance-based neurons. The network was an abstracted canonical cortical circuit (Douglas and Martin 2004; Raizada and Grossberg 2003) consisting of two excitatory and two inhibitory pools of 40 neurons each (Fig. 2A). Increases beyond this number had no appreciable effect on the resu ...
... Huxley-type conductance-based neurons. The network was an abstracted canonical cortical circuit (Douglas and Martin 2004; Raizada and Grossberg 2003) consisting of two excitatory and two inhibitory pools of 40 neurons each (Fig. 2A). Increases beyond this number had no appreciable effect on the resu ...
The horizontal brain slice preparation: a novel approach for
... Xenopus laevis tadpoles were reared in Steinberg’s solution at 25°C on a 12:12-h light-dark schedule. Tadpoles were staged according to the developmental table described by Nieuwkoop and Faber (1994). The first step for preparing the horizontal brain slice brain preparation is equivalent to the whol ...
... Xenopus laevis tadpoles were reared in Steinberg’s solution at 25°C on a 12:12-h light-dark schedule. Tadpoles were staged according to the developmental table described by Nieuwkoop and Faber (1994). The first step for preparing the horizontal brain slice brain preparation is equivalent to the whol ...
14.10 Insight 775 Gilbert
... of excitatory and inhibitory neurons9 (Fig. 4). The activity of the excitatory (E) and the inhibitory (I) subpopulations is determined by the external feedforward inputs (e and i, respectively), which increase with the stimulus contrast (C), and by the strength of recurrent interactions in the local ...
... of excitatory and inhibitory neurons9 (Fig. 4). The activity of the excitatory (E) and the inhibitory (I) subpopulations is determined by the external feedforward inputs (e and i, respectively), which increase with the stimulus contrast (C), and by the strength of recurrent interactions in the local ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... pulses using a Master-8 stimulator via stimulus isolation unit (A.M.P.I.). Pharmacology. Fictive vocalizations are elicited in the isolated X. laevis brain by bath application of serotonin (5-HT) (Sigma-Aldrich) (Rhodes et al., 2007). Final concentrations of 30 or 60 M were obtained by applying 1 m ...
... pulses using a Master-8 stimulator via stimulus isolation unit (A.M.P.I.). Pharmacology. Fictive vocalizations are elicited in the isolated X. laevis brain by bath application of serotonin (5-HT) (Sigma-Aldrich) (Rhodes et al., 2007). Final concentrations of 30 or 60 M were obtained by applying 1 m ...
download file
... Modulations of amplitude and frequency are common features of natural sounds, and are prominent in behaviorally important communication sounds. The mammalian auditory cortex is known to contain representations of these important stimulus parameters. This study describes the distributed representatio ...
... Modulations of amplitude and frequency are common features of natural sounds, and are prominent in behaviorally important communication sounds. The mammalian auditory cortex is known to contain representations of these important stimulus parameters. This study describes the distributed representatio ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... Nucleus – A group of nerve cells in the central nervous system. Dendrites - Cytoplasmic processes of neurons radiating from their perikarya. Dendrites could be straight or wavy; they may branch and may or may not carry dendritic protrusions or spines. The majority of neurons possess several dendrite ...
... Nucleus – A group of nerve cells in the central nervous system. Dendrites - Cytoplasmic processes of neurons radiating from their perikarya. Dendrites could be straight or wavy; they may branch and may or may not carry dendritic protrusions or spines. The majority of neurons possess several dendrite ...
09 - Pierce College
... Pierce College Putman/Biol 241 UNIT 9 PRACTICE EXAM: CNS 1. Induces the formation of the neural tube: a. Neural plate b. Surface ectoderm c. Notochord d. Neural crest 2. Neural crest cells form a. Structures of the PNS b. The brain c. The spinal cord d. The notochord 3. Differentiates into CNS struc ...
... Pierce College Putman/Biol 241 UNIT 9 PRACTICE EXAM: CNS 1. Induces the formation of the neural tube: a. Neural plate b. Surface ectoderm c. Notochord d. Neural crest 2. Neural crest cells form a. Structures of the PNS b. The brain c. The spinal cord d. The notochord 3. Differentiates into CNS struc ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... below if there are separate phases of encoding and retrieval within theta cycles, the buffer must bridge across periods of retrieval. The neural simulation presented here uses intrinsic mechanisms in entorhinal cortical neurons to maintain a buffer of sensory input from the environment, as shown in ...
... below if there are separate phases of encoding and retrieval within theta cycles, the buffer must bridge across periods of retrieval. The neural simulation presented here uses intrinsic mechanisms in entorhinal cortical neurons to maintain a buffer of sensory input from the environment, as shown in ...
a few sensory concepts, 100416
... Sensory receptors that are separate cells produce receptor potentials that trigger the release of a neurotransmitter at their synapses with firstorder neurons. ...
... Sensory receptors that are separate cells produce receptor potentials that trigger the release of a neurotransmitter at their synapses with firstorder neurons. ...
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour
... in Brodmann’s area 44 for the obser vation of object-oriented hand/arm movements, compared with observation of hand/arm movements without an object. When observing mouth movements, however, there was a comparable increase in signal in area 44 and also in area 45 in the right hemisphere, whether the ...
... in Brodmann’s area 44 for the obser vation of object-oriented hand/arm movements, compared with observation of hand/arm movements without an object. When observing mouth movements, however, there was a comparable increase in signal in area 44 and also in area 45 in the right hemisphere, whether the ...
Genetic dissection of neural circuits underlying sexually dimorphic
... Sex-typical social behaviours occur in response to sensory cues from the environment [54 –62]. The predominant sensory cues that trigger these behaviours, in mice and many other animals, are pheromones detected by chemosensory neurons in two epithelia in the nose: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) ...
... Sex-typical social behaviours occur in response to sensory cues from the environment [54 –62]. The predominant sensory cues that trigger these behaviours, in mice and many other animals, are pheromones detected by chemosensory neurons in two epithelia in the nose: the main olfactory epithelium (MOE) ...
BIO 218 F 2012 Ch 14 Martini Lecture Outline
... Features of spinal meninges: Specialized membranes that provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption Continuous with the cranial (cerebral) meninges Denticulate ligaments help anchor the spinal cord in position Made of three layers Dura mater: tough, fibrous outermost layer Arachnoid ...
... Features of spinal meninges: Specialized membranes that provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption Continuous with the cranial (cerebral) meninges Denticulate ligaments help anchor the spinal cord in position Made of three layers Dura mater: tough, fibrous outermost layer Arachnoid ...
BIO 218 F 2012 Ch 14 Martini Lecture Outline
... Features of spinal meninges: Specialized membranes that provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption Continuous with the cranial (cerebral) meninges Denticulate ligaments help anchor the spinal cord in position Made of three layers Dura mater: tough, fibrous outermost layer Arachnoid ...
... Features of spinal meninges: Specialized membranes that provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption Continuous with the cranial (cerebral) meninges Denticulate ligaments help anchor the spinal cord in position Made of three layers Dura mater: tough, fibrous outermost layer Arachnoid ...
letter - Hanks Lab
... far. Contrary to current views3,5,7–9, this suggests that premotor activity in the frontal cortex does not have a role in the accumulation process, but instead has a more categorical function, such as transforming accumulated evidence into a discrete choice. To probe causally the role of FOF activit ...
... far. Contrary to current views3,5,7–9, this suggests that premotor activity in the frontal cortex does not have a role in the accumulation process, but instead has a more categorical function, such as transforming accumulated evidence into a discrete choice. To probe causally the role of FOF activit ...