secondary active transport
... • Channel proteins have structures called gates. – Open and close pore in response to signals • Light • Hormone binding ...
... • Channel proteins have structures called gates. – Open and close pore in response to signals • Light • Hormone binding ...
Active Transport
... To move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient, the cell must use energy. This energy is harvested from ATP generated through the cell's metabolism. Active transport mechanisms, collectively called pumps, work against electrochemical gradients. Small substances constantly pas ...
... To move substances against a concentration or electrochemical gradient, the cell must use energy. This energy is harvested from ATP generated through the cell's metabolism. Active transport mechanisms, collectively called pumps, work against electrochemical gradients. Small substances constantly pas ...
REVIEW GAME Final Exam PART I
... Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur at the post-synaptic side of a excitatory synapse. 1. The neurotransmitter binds to its matching, specific ligand-gated ion-channel on the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron. 2. An action potential is propagated along the post-synaptic ...
... Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur at the post-synaptic side of a excitatory synapse. 1. The neurotransmitter binds to its matching, specific ligand-gated ion-channel on the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron. 2. An action potential is propagated along the post-synaptic ...
Topic 8.4 Acids and Bases The pH Scale
... when the pH of a solution changes by more than one pH unit. ...
... when the pH of a solution changes by more than one pH unit. ...
Membrane structure, I
... [] = concentration Diffusion~ the overall movement of particles from a region of high [] to an area of low [] ...
... [] = concentration Diffusion~ the overall movement of particles from a region of high [] to an area of low [] ...
Transport-cell membrane
... Facilitated Diffusion • Uses specific protein pores in the cell membrane to move certain “large” molecules from high concentration to low concentration. • Used for transport of water soluble molecules (hydrophillic). Ex: ions, amino acids (small proteins), and sugars • Carrier Protein - protein rec ...
... Facilitated Diffusion • Uses specific protein pores in the cell membrane to move certain “large” molecules from high concentration to low concentration. • Used for transport of water soluble molecules (hydrophillic). Ex: ions, amino acids (small proteins), and sugars • Carrier Protein - protein rec ...
Solution - ZOMUedu
... ■ H+ ions attracts negative ions ■ O- attracts positive ions Solubility and Electrolytes ○ Solubility = how of much of a substance will dissolve in a given amount of water ■ Usually g/100 ml ■ Varies greatly, but if they do dissolve, the ions are separated and can move around ■ Water can also dissol ...
... ■ H+ ions attracts negative ions ■ O- attracts positive ions Solubility and Electrolytes ○ Solubility = how of much of a substance will dissolve in a given amount of water ■ Usually g/100 ml ■ Varies greatly, but if they do dissolve, the ions are separated and can move around ■ Water can also dissol ...
3.3 Cell Membrane
... – Receptor is a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs and action in response. A ligand is the molecule the receptor binds to. Specific receptors bind to specific ligands. • There are two types of receptors. 1. intracellular receptor – “within, or inside, a cell” – are generally nonpola ...
... – Receptor is a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs and action in response. A ligand is the molecule the receptor binds to. Specific receptors bind to specific ligands. • There are two types of receptors. 1. intracellular receptor – “within, or inside, a cell” – are generally nonpola ...
Document
... • Cell Membrane is composed of – Phospholipid bilayer: forms the basic unit of the cell membrane – Proteins: help transport large molecules through the membrane – Carbohydrates: help cells send and receive ...
... • Cell Membrane is composed of – Phospholipid bilayer: forms the basic unit of the cell membrane – Proteins: help transport large molecules through the membrane – Carbohydrates: help cells send and receive ...
membrane potential
... CNS to form tight junctions, resulting in a blood-brain barrier and restricting the entry of most substances into the brain ...
... CNS to form tight junctions, resulting in a blood-brain barrier and restricting the entry of most substances into the brain ...
Practice questions 1. How are functionalism and behaviourism
... a) axons, graded, dendrites, action, neurotransmitters b) cell body, action, axon, graded, ions c) dendrites, graded, axon, action, neurotransmitters d) dendrites, graded, axon, action, ions e) synaptic buttons, all-or-none, cell body, graded, neurotransmitters ...
... a) axons, graded, dendrites, action, neurotransmitters b) cell body, action, axon, graded, ions c) dendrites, graded, axon, action, neurotransmitters d) dendrites, graded, axon, action, ions e) synaptic buttons, all-or-none, cell body, graded, neurotransmitters ...
lecture #6
... neuron measured when it is unstimulated – results from the build-up of negative ions in the cytosol along the inside of the neuron’s PM – the outside of the PM becomes more positive – this difference in charge can be measured as potential energy – measured in millivolts ...
... neuron measured when it is unstimulated – results from the build-up of negative ions in the cytosol along the inside of the neuron’s PM – the outside of the PM becomes more positive – this difference in charge can be measured as potential energy – measured in millivolts ...
(SREBP 1c) is strongly expressed in MIN6 beta cells
... Protein Kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) is an important signalling molecule which has been shown to become activated in response to many stimuli, including insulin, growth factors and a variety of survival promoting agents. The signalling pathway by which insulin activates PKB has been well charac ...
... Protein Kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) is an important signalling molecule which has been shown to become activated in response to many stimuli, including insulin, growth factors and a variety of survival promoting agents. The signalling pathway by which insulin activates PKB has been well charac ...
cell transport worksheet
... c. Does this require energy? _________________________ d. Is the blue die going from a lower to a higher concentration, or from a higher to a lower concentration? ______________ ...
... c. Does this require energy? _________________________ d. Is the blue die going from a lower to a higher concentration, or from a higher to a lower concentration? ______________ ...
Membrane Structure and Function
... protein alternates between 2 conformations, moving a solute across the membrane as the shape of the protein changes. ...
... protein alternates between 2 conformations, moving a solute across the membrane as the shape of the protein changes. ...
Chapter 48 – Nervous Systems
... 2) Name the three stages in the processing of information by nervous systems. 3) Distinguish between sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. 4) List and describe the major parts of a neuron and explain the function of each. 5) Describe the function of astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendrocy ...
... 2) Name the three stages in the processing of information by nervous systems. 3) Distinguish between sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. 4) List and describe the major parts of a neuron and explain the function of each. 5) Describe the function of astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendrocy ...
Chapter 48 – Nervous Systems
... 2) Name the three stages in the processing of information by nervous systems. 3) Distinguish between sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. 4) List and describe the major parts of a neuron and explain the function of each. 5) Describe the function of astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendrocy ...
... 2) Name the three stages in the processing of information by nervous systems. 3) Distinguish between sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. 4) List and describe the major parts of a neuron and explain the function of each. 5) Describe the function of astrocytes, radial glia, oligodendrocy ...
Cell Transport
... ________________… because particles are in constant motion When the # of particles is equal on both sides of the membrane then _____________ is ...
... ________________… because particles are in constant motion When the # of particles is equal on both sides of the membrane then _____________ is ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.