Intro Neurology
... *Side note: Na+ continues to enter the cell even after the voltage has hit zero because a concentration gradient for Na+ still exists. That is, even though the total charges have been balanced, there are still more Na+ outside than inside the cell, so Na+ will continue to move down its concentration ...
... *Side note: Na+ continues to enter the cell even after the voltage has hit zero because a concentration gradient for Na+ still exists. That is, even though the total charges have been balanced, there are still more Na+ outside than inside the cell, so Na+ will continue to move down its concentration ...
04-01VoltageandElectricField
... V when you move down 6.10 m. What is the magnitude and direction of the electrical field, and what force does it exert on a -1.40 µC charge? ...
... V when you move down 6.10 m. What is the magnitude and direction of the electrical field, and what force does it exert on a -1.40 µC charge? ...
3-20
... Transport Across the Plasma Membrane • Substances cross membranes by a variety of processes: – mediated transport moves materials with the help of a transporter protein – nonmediated transport does not use a transporter protein – active transport uses ATP to drive substances against their concentra ...
... Transport Across the Plasma Membrane • Substances cross membranes by a variety of processes: – mediated transport moves materials with the help of a transporter protein – nonmediated transport does not use a transporter protein – active transport uses ATP to drive substances against their concentra ...
Cellular Transport Notes
... the cell to swell and possibly explode/burst. Isotonic Solutions: contain the SAME concentration of solute as another solution. When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. ...
... the cell to swell and possibly explode/burst. Isotonic Solutions: contain the SAME concentration of solute as another solution. When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. ...
Unit #3 - The Cell
... communicate with each other take place through the plasma membrane – It determines what moves into and out of cells. ...
... communicate with each other take place through the plasma membrane – It determines what moves into and out of cells. ...
Chapter 7: Membranes
... a cell wall enables cells to take in extra amounts of water without bursting the cells take in water and push against the cell wall, which pushes back many cells use turgor pressure as part of maintaining structure; thus, if they lose turgor pressure, plants wilt D. special integral membrane p ...
... a cell wall enables cells to take in extra amounts of water without bursting the cells take in water and push against the cell wall, which pushes back many cells use turgor pressure as part of maintaining structure; thus, if they lose turgor pressure, plants wilt D. special integral membrane p ...
Diffusion, Osmosis and Biological Membranes
... substance moving across the membrane down its [gradient] • Protein Channels: Passage of nonlipid soluble molecules • Active Transport: Transfers molecules DOWN OR AGAINST [gradient] with use of ENERGY!! ...
... substance moving across the membrane down its [gradient] • Protein Channels: Passage of nonlipid soluble molecules • Active Transport: Transfers molecules DOWN OR AGAINST [gradient] with use of ENERGY!! ...
Cellular Transport Review
... 14. A CONCENTRATION _GRADIENT forms whenever there is a difference in concentration between one place and another. 15.Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and Na+-K+ pumps are all kinds of _ACTIVE transport because they use energy to move substances across membranes. 16. A solution in which the concentration ...
... 14. A CONCENTRATION _GRADIENT forms whenever there is a difference in concentration between one place and another. 15.Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and Na+-K+ pumps are all kinds of _ACTIVE transport because they use energy to move substances across membranes. 16. A solution in which the concentration ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 26: Cell adhesion and membrane fusion
... binding proteins found on the plasma membrane surface. The extracellular structure consists of five consecutive β-sheet domains with Asp-rich junctions that bind Ca2+. Ca2+ ions can serve as bridges between two negative molecules, but β-sheets are also designed to pair up so that a cadherin only bin ...
... binding proteins found on the plasma membrane surface. The extracellular structure consists of five consecutive β-sheet domains with Asp-rich junctions that bind Ca2+. Ca2+ ions can serve as bridges between two negative molecules, but β-sheets are also designed to pair up so that a cadherin only bin ...
Name: ______ Pd ______ Date Foundations of Biology Mr
... 23. Water tends to move towards the _________________ environment because the solute levels are higher but the water concentration is lower. 24. Hypotonic solutions have _________________dissolved solutes but a higher concentration of pure water. 25. Isotonic solutions have ____________ amounts of s ...
... 23. Water tends to move towards the _________________ environment because the solute levels are higher but the water concentration is lower. 24. Hypotonic solutions have _________________dissolved solutes but a higher concentration of pure water. 25. Isotonic solutions have ____________ amounts of s ...
Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential using
... In most eukaryotic cells the majority of ATP production is via oxidative phosphorylation by the respiratory chain. In this way, sugars, such as glucose, and free fatty acids are oxidised, resulting in the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electro-chemical gradie ...
... In most eukaryotic cells the majority of ATP production is via oxidative phosphorylation by the respiratory chain. In this way, sugars, such as glucose, and free fatty acids are oxidised, resulting in the pumping of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating an electro-chemical gradie ...
Mader/Biology, 10/e – Chapter Outline
... macromolecules bind to plasma membrane receptors. a. The receptor proteins are shaped to fit with specific substances (vitamin, hormone, lipoprotein molecule, etc.), and are found at one location in the plasma membrane. b. This location is a coated pit with a layer of fibrous protein on the cytoplas ...
... macromolecules bind to plasma membrane receptors. a. The receptor proteins are shaped to fit with specific substances (vitamin, hormone, lipoprotein molecule, etc.), and are found at one location in the plasma membrane. b. This location is a coated pit with a layer of fibrous protein on the cytoplas ...
Cell structure Part 1
... the outside and inside of the membrane. This allows the integral proteins to act as transport channels. Fluid mosaic modelUsed to describe the cell membrane. Phospholipidshas a polar and nonpolar end. The polar end likes water and the nonpolar end hates water. ...
... the outside and inside of the membrane. This allows the integral proteins to act as transport channels. Fluid mosaic modelUsed to describe the cell membrane. Phospholipidshas a polar and nonpolar end. The polar end likes water and the nonpolar end hates water. ...
Lecture 12 Electromyography
... • Field of Ergonomics: from the EMG conclusions about muscle strain and the occurrence of muscular fatigue can be derived as well ...
... • Field of Ergonomics: from the EMG conclusions about muscle strain and the occurrence of muscular fatigue can be derived as well ...
CELL BOUNDARIES
... membrane? By what transport? In what direction? A cell has 5% glucose, the outside has 8 % glucose. What is moving across the membrane? By what transport? In what direction? The outside has 15 % O2, inside the cell has 7 %. What is moving across the membrane? By what transport? In what direction? ...
... membrane? By what transport? In what direction? A cell has 5% glucose, the outside has 8 % glucose. What is moving across the membrane? By what transport? In what direction? The outside has 15 % O2, inside the cell has 7 %. What is moving across the membrane? By what transport? In what direction? ...
The Nervous System
... carried by the nervous system? As electrical and chemical signals. How does the impulse develop? Charged particles (ions) move across the cell membrane A neuron is ready to transmit an impulse when it is in the resting state. Resting membrane potential is -70 mV ...
... carried by the nervous system? As electrical and chemical signals. How does the impulse develop? Charged particles (ions) move across the cell membrane A neuron is ready to transmit an impulse when it is in the resting state. Resting membrane potential is -70 mV ...
NAME: AP Biology/ Ms. Gaynor (Unit #10: Animal Physiology
... 1. Draw and label the parts of a neuron including: cell body, dendrites, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, and Nodes of Ranvier. Then add arrows to your drawing to show the direction of impulse. ...
... 1. Draw and label the parts of a neuron including: cell body, dendrites, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, Schwann cells, and Nodes of Ranvier. Then add arrows to your drawing to show the direction of impulse. ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.