Fluids and Electrolytes
... Both are specific allowing one ion or a specific class of particles through Ion channels are permanently open to the specific ions Mediated transporters undergo conformational changes on either side of the membrane, opening on one side and closing on the other then reversing this movement to allow l ...
... Both are specific allowing one ion or a specific class of particles through Ion channels are permanently open to the specific ions Mediated transporters undergo conformational changes on either side of the membrane, opening on one side and closing on the other then reversing this movement to allow l ...
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
... Intracellular fluid (ICF) - fluid found in the cells (cytoplasm, nucleoplasm) comprises 60% of all body fluids. Extracellular fluid (ECF) - all fluids found outside the cells, comprises 40% of all body fluids 1. Interstitial fluid - 80% of ECF is found in localized areas: lymph, cerebrospinal fl ...
... Intracellular fluid (ICF) - fluid found in the cells (cytoplasm, nucleoplasm) comprises 60% of all body fluids. Extracellular fluid (ECF) - all fluids found outside the cells, comprises 40% of all body fluids 1. Interstitial fluid - 80% of ECF is found in localized areas: lymph, cerebrospinal fl ...
File
... similar magnitude of energy difference driving their diffusion across a pure lipid bilayer. If ranked in order from fastest to slowest, which of the following items would likely be second in terms of how much of it crosses the bilayer in a given time? a) molecular oxygen b) sucrose c) insulin d) glu ...
... similar magnitude of energy difference driving their diffusion across a pure lipid bilayer. If ranked in order from fastest to slowest, which of the following items would likely be second in terms of how much of it crosses the bilayer in a given time? a) molecular oxygen b) sucrose c) insulin d) glu ...
Action potentials
... • Cell is more permeable to K+, thus K+ ions can move more freely • In an attempt to establish equilibrium, K+ will move outside the cell • Sodium-potassium pump actively transports K+ into and Na+ out of the cell to maintain the RMP • RMP is maintained at –70mV ...
... • Cell is more permeable to K+, thus K+ ions can move more freely • In an attempt to establish equilibrium, K+ will move outside the cell • Sodium-potassium pump actively transports K+ into and Na+ out of the cell to maintain the RMP • RMP is maintained at –70mV ...
Biochemistry 304 2014 Student Edition Membranes
... Integral (Intrinsic) proteins are tightly associated with the membrane lipids due to the thermodynamic effect of their hydrophobic interactions. Integral proteins are amphiphiles with the exteriors of the segments in the bilayer having predominately hydrophobic residues, while those segments in the ...
... Integral (Intrinsic) proteins are tightly associated with the membrane lipids due to the thermodynamic effect of their hydrophobic interactions. Integral proteins are amphiphiles with the exteriors of the segments in the bilayer having predominately hydrophobic residues, while those segments in the ...
active transport
... The movement of a solute across a membrane is determined by its concentration gradient or its electrochemical potential • Concentration gradient • Electrochemical potential (the movement of ion) – Combined effect：concentration gradient and the charge gradient – Ion • Membrane potential (Vm) caused ...
... The movement of a solute across a membrane is determined by its concentration gradient or its electrochemical potential • Concentration gradient • Electrochemical potential (the movement of ion) – Combined effect：concentration gradient and the charge gradient – Ion • Membrane potential (Vm) caused ...
electric potential energy
... Charge q is used as a probe to determine the electric potential, but the value of V is independent of q. The electric potential, like the electric field, is a property of the source charges. The unit of electric potential is the joule per coulomb, which is called the volt V: ...
... Charge q is used as a probe to determine the electric potential, but the value of V is independent of q. The electric potential, like the electric field, is a property of the source charges. The unit of electric potential is the joule per coulomb, which is called the volt V: ...
Chapter 2: Introduction to Physiology of Perception
... • Difference in charge between them is -70 mV • This negative charge of the neuron relative to its surroundings is the resting potential. ...
... • Difference in charge between them is -70 mV • This negative charge of the neuron relative to its surroundings is the resting potential. ...
SA1 Functional implications of RyR-DHPR relationships in skeletal
... signalling that is known to occur between the two types of channels. RyR3 are present in some but not all skeletal muscles, always in association with RyR1, and in ratios as high as 1:1 ratio with the latter. RyR3 neither induce formation of tetrads by DHPRs, nor sustain e-c coupling. In CRUs of mus ...
... signalling that is known to occur between the two types of channels. RyR3 are present in some but not all skeletal muscles, always in association with RyR1, and in ratios as high as 1:1 ratio with the latter. RyR3 neither induce formation of tetrads by DHPRs, nor sustain e-c coupling. In CRUs of mus ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... by the Nernst equation (Fig. 2b). The relative permeability of ion channels for different ions is usually established by exposing the outer and inner side of the membrane to different ion concentrations. Erev can then be compared with Eion of each ion; if Erev is closer to EA than EB the permeabilit ...
... by the Nernst equation (Fig. 2b). The relative permeability of ion channels for different ions is usually established by exposing the outer and inner side of the membrane to different ion concentrations. Erev can then be compared with Eion of each ion; if Erev is closer to EA than EB the permeabilit ...
Respiratory Physiology
... Chemical buffers can tie up excess acids or bases, but they cannot eliminate them from the body The lungs can eliminate carbonic acid by eliminating carbon dioxide Only the kidneys can rid the body of metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids and ketones) and prevent metabolic acidosis The ...
... Chemical buffers can tie up excess acids or bases, but they cannot eliminate them from the body The lungs can eliminate carbonic acid by eliminating carbon dioxide Only the kidneys can rid the body of metabolic acids (phosphoric, uric, and lactic acids and ketones) and prevent metabolic acidosis The ...
Segregation of open major histocompatibility class I conformers at
... Fully conformed major histocompatibility class I molecules are complexes of heavy chain noncovalently associated with the peptide and 2-microglobulin. Conformational change in the extracellular domain of heavy chain leads to their disassembly and formation of open conformers, a process that physio ...
... Fully conformed major histocompatibility class I molecules are complexes of heavy chain noncovalently associated with the peptide and 2-microglobulin. Conformational change in the extracellular domain of heavy chain leads to their disassembly and formation of open conformers, a process that physio ...
AS Paper 1 Practice Paper 12 - A
... Use your answer from part (a) (ii) to confirm that the formula of sodium hydroxide monohydrate is NaOH.H2O ...
... Use your answer from part (a) (ii) to confirm that the formula of sodium hydroxide monohydrate is NaOH.H2O ...
Internet Activity: Muscle Contractions Read through the slides on the
... release of _______ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 11. Ca2+ binds to ____________________ in the thin filaments, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin. 12. The movement where the myosin head pulls the thin filaments inward is called the ________________________. 13. Place the following events ...
... release of _______ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 11. Ca2+ binds to ____________________ in the thin filaments, exposing the myosin binding sites on actin. 12. The movement where the myosin head pulls the thin filaments inward is called the ________________________. 13. Place the following events ...
Worksheet - Nervous System I Lecture Notes Page
... (depolarize/repolarize), and an action potential will occur. F. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters that raise the threshold of a neuron, making it more difficult to stimulate a neuron to generate an action potential, are called _________________ (excitatory/inhibitory) neurotransmitters. For exampl ...
... (depolarize/repolarize), and an action potential will occur. F. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters that raise the threshold of a neuron, making it more difficult to stimulate a neuron to generate an action potential, are called _________________ (excitatory/inhibitory) neurotransmitters. For exampl ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.