P312Ch11_Auditory II (EarDetails)
... Tensor tympani muscle connects to malleus Stapedius muscle connect to stapes When these muscles contract . . . Malleus is pulled to one side – so doesn’t impart as much movement to incus Stapes is forced to move from side-to-side rather than back and forth The effect of contraction of these muscles ...
... Tensor tympani muscle connects to malleus Stapedius muscle connect to stapes When these muscles contract . . . Malleus is pulled to one side – so doesn’t impart as much movement to incus Stapes is forced to move from side-to-side rather than back and forth The effect of contraction of these muscles ...
Membrane Transport Lecture
... – Movement of charged or lipophobic molecules down their concentration gradients AIDED by • SLC (solute carriers) superfamily transporter proteins 1. water filled » fast but limited in transport ability 2. carrier proteins » slower but can transport larger molecules ...
... – Movement of charged or lipophobic molecules down their concentration gradients AIDED by • SLC (solute carriers) superfamily transporter proteins 1. water filled » fast but limited in transport ability 2. carrier proteins » slower but can transport larger molecules ...
inside cell - Cloudfront.net
... movement of larger molecules with aid (help) of a transport/carrier protein • Large solutes (sugars, amino acids) are too big ...
... movement of larger molecules with aid (help) of a transport/carrier protein • Large solutes (sugars, amino acids) are too big ...
m5zn_aeb235b83927ffb
... more selective than those elsewhere in the body They allow essential nutrients and oxygen to pass freely into the brain, but keep out many chemicals, such as metabolic wastes This selective mechanism, called the blood-brain barrier, maintains a stable chemical environment for the brain. ...
... more selective than those elsewhere in the body They allow essential nutrients and oxygen to pass freely into the brain, but keep out many chemicals, such as metabolic wastes This selective mechanism, called the blood-brain barrier, maintains a stable chemical environment for the brain. ...
A4a - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... minimum time for transmission across one synapse is 0.5 ms (SYNAPTIC DELAY) - time it takes for mediator to be released and to act on postsynaptic membrane. conduction along chain of neurons is slower if there are more synapses in chain. ...
... minimum time for transmission across one synapse is 0.5 ms (SYNAPTIC DELAY) - time it takes for mediator to be released and to act on postsynaptic membrane. conduction along chain of neurons is slower if there are more synapses in chain. ...
facilitated diffusion
... not diffuse directly through the membrane pass through special protein channels is called facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion does not require energy: solutes still move from areas of high concentration (more concentrated) to areas of low concentration (less concentrated), like simple diff ...
... not diffuse directly through the membrane pass through special protein channels is called facilitated diffusion Facilitated diffusion does not require energy: solutes still move from areas of high concentration (more concentrated) to areas of low concentration (less concentrated), like simple diff ...
Issue 22_Pump Up the Volume
... current brushing the tentacles of a sea anemone in the direction of the current. The brushing movement opens pores in the stereocilia letting potassium ions seep in, which create an electric current. There is where prestin steps in. Prestin is a transmembrane protein found at the base of every outer ...
... current brushing the tentacles of a sea anemone in the direction of the current. The brushing movement opens pores in the stereocilia letting potassium ions seep in, which create an electric current. There is where prestin steps in. Prestin is a transmembrane protein found at the base of every outer ...
The Nervous System
... 3. During the resting potential, Na+ ions are more concentrated on the outside of the membrane than the inside. 4. K+ ions are more concentrated on the inside of the axon. 5. This uneven distribution of K and Na ions is maintained by active transport across Na+/K+ pumps which operate whenever the n ...
... 3. During the resting potential, Na+ ions are more concentrated on the outside of the membrane than the inside. 4. K+ ions are more concentrated on the inside of the axon. 5. This uneven distribution of K and Na ions is maintained by active transport across Na+/K+ pumps which operate whenever the n ...
File
... usually (not always) the Axon terminal. The axon terminals are also called the bouton terminaux or synaptic knob. The synaptic knobs have synaptic vesicles that contain the NT (neurotransmitters). The NT are produced in the body & conducted along the axon (anterograde flow). The NT can be inhibitory ...
... usually (not always) the Axon terminal. The axon terminals are also called the bouton terminaux or synaptic knob. The synaptic knobs have synaptic vesicles that contain the NT (neurotransmitters). The NT are produced in the body & conducted along the axon (anterograde flow). The NT can be inhibitory ...
Chapter 7 - Faculty Web Sites
... membrane, which is called the resting potential The inner surface of the membrane is about 70 mV more negative than the outer surface There are more sodium ions outside the membrane than inside There are more potassium ions inside the membrane than outside This state is maintained by the sod ...
... membrane, which is called the resting potential The inner surface of the membrane is about 70 mV more negative than the outer surface There are more sodium ions outside the membrane than inside There are more potassium ions inside the membrane than outside This state is maintained by the sod ...
Word - chemmybear.com
... A current of 10.0 amperes flows for 2.00 hours through an electrolytic cell containing a molten salt of metal x. This results in the decomposition of 0.250 mole of metal x at the cathode. The oxidation state of x in the molten salt is a) 1+ b) 2+ c) 3+ d) 4+ ...
... A current of 10.0 amperes flows for 2.00 hours through an electrolytic cell containing a molten salt of metal x. This results in the decomposition of 0.250 mole of metal x at the cathode. The oxidation state of x in the molten salt is a) 1+ b) 2+ c) 3+ d) 4+ ...
6-Renal Physiology 6 (Renal transport Process
... • Potassium content of average meal is 30-40mmol. This is rapidly absorbed. • Renal elimination is slow. It can take up to six hours eliminate this load. • If nothing happened then this absorbed load would cause Plasma [K+] to rise by ~ 2-5mmol which is potentially lethal. • Buffering of the load oc ...
... • Potassium content of average meal is 30-40mmol. This is rapidly absorbed. • Renal elimination is slow. It can take up to six hours eliminate this load. • If nothing happened then this absorbed load would cause Plasma [K+] to rise by ~ 2-5mmol which is potentially lethal. • Buffering of the load oc ...
(Renal transport Process).
... • Potassium content of average meal is 30-40mmol. This is rapidly absorbed. • Renal elimination is slow. It can take up to six hours eliminate this load. • If nothing happened then this absorbed load would cause Plasma [K+] to rise by ~ 2-5mmol which is potentially lethal. • Buffering of the load oc ...
... • Potassium content of average meal is 30-40mmol. This is rapidly absorbed. • Renal elimination is slow. It can take up to six hours eliminate this load. • If nothing happened then this absorbed load would cause Plasma [K+] to rise by ~ 2-5mmol which is potentially lethal. • Buffering of the load oc ...
membranes (Ms. Shivani Bhagwat)
... category of transmembrane proteins. In humans, 27% of all proteins have been estimated to be alpha-helical membrane proteins. Beta-barrels. These proteins are so far found only in outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, and outer membranes of mitochondria and ...
... category of transmembrane proteins. In humans, 27% of all proteins have been estimated to be alpha-helical membrane proteins. Beta-barrels. These proteins are so far found only in outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, and outer membranes of mitochondria and ...
Neuroscience 7a – Neuromuscular, spinal cord
... Arrival of action potential → depolarisation of pre-synaptic terminal → opening of voltage dependant Ca2+ channels and influx of C2+ → phosphorylation and alteration of presynaptic calcium-binding proteins → liberation of transmitter containing vesicle from presynaptic membrane → crosses cleft binds ...
... Arrival of action potential → depolarisation of pre-synaptic terminal → opening of voltage dependant Ca2+ channels and influx of C2+ → phosphorylation and alteration of presynaptic calcium-binding proteins → liberation of transmitter containing vesicle from presynaptic membrane → crosses cleft binds ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.