Regulation and mechanism of potassium release from K analysis
... 2009). It should be pointed out that there is some overlap in function between these two types of transporters, for example with AtKUP1 from Arabidopsis catalysing some degree of transport in the low-affinity range (Fu & Luan, 1998; Kim et al., 1998), and the Arabidopsis AKT1 channel conducting K+ f ...
... 2009). It should be pointed out that there is some overlap in function between these two types of transporters, for example with AtKUP1 from Arabidopsis catalysing some degree of transport in the low-affinity range (Fu & Luan, 1998; Kim et al., 1998), and the Arabidopsis AKT1 channel conducting K+ f ...
Role of Sodium Channel Deglycosylation in the Genesis of Cardiac
... samples were loaded onto 5– 6% discontinuous gels and resolved with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Equal amounts of MLP"/" and WT proteins were loaded in multiple lanes. Two control and two MLP"/" mice were used in these experiments. Proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride-pl ...
... samples were loaded onto 5– 6% discontinuous gels and resolved with SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Equal amounts of MLP"/" and WT proteins were loaded in multiple lanes. Two control and two MLP"/" mice were used in these experiments. Proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride-pl ...
catecholamine-depleted rat ventricular myocytes
... administer 1 ml of reserpine solution per kilogram to each animal. Fresh reserpine solution was prepared daily. Control animals were either untreated or injected with vehicle only. Because the peak current density of Ito measured at ⫹65 mV from a holding potential of ⫺80 mV was not significantly dif ...
... administer 1 ml of reserpine solution per kilogram to each animal. Fresh reserpine solution was prepared daily. Control animals were either untreated or injected with vehicle only. Because the peak current density of Ito measured at ⫹65 mV from a holding potential of ⫺80 mV was not significantly dif ...
Lecture 14 Notes
... 0.10 M in each cation? If the separation is possible, what range of OH- concentrations is permissible. ...
... 0.10 M in each cation? If the separation is possible, what range of OH- concentrations is permissible. ...
Studies of an inductively coupled negative hydrogen ion radio
... laboratory, the plasma exists in many forms, which are shown in fig.1.1. In a laboratory plasma, for example: a gas discharge plasma most of the gas molecules are decomposed into neutral atoms and equal number of positive ions and negative electrons. The density of the charged particles should be la ...
... laboratory, the plasma exists in many forms, which are shown in fig.1.1. In a laboratory plasma, for example: a gas discharge plasma most of the gas molecules are decomposed into neutral atoms and equal number of positive ions and negative electrons. The density of the charged particles should be la ...
Disorders of Acid
... the control of CO2 by the respiratory system. Excess CO2 or excess H+ ions in the blood mainly act directly on the respiratory center in the brain to control ventilation. Although H+ ions do not easily cross the blood–brain barrier, CO2 crosses with ease and in the process reacts with water to form ...
... the control of CO2 by the respiratory system. Excess CO2 or excess H+ ions in the blood mainly act directly on the respiratory center in the brain to control ventilation. Although H+ ions do not easily cross the blood–brain barrier, CO2 crosses with ease and in the process reacts with water to form ...
Protection by chlorpromazine, albumin and bivalent cations against
... addition of the cells and the peptides into the cuvette. In other words, after dilution and equilibration in the cuvette, RBC became several times more sensitive to lytic action of the same amount of peptide. The magnitude of this effect is larger using bee venom and melittin as compared with P14A, ...
... addition of the cells and the peptides into the cuvette. In other words, after dilution and equilibration in the cuvette, RBC became several times more sensitive to lytic action of the same amount of peptide. The magnitude of this effect is larger using bee venom and melittin as compared with P14A, ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... As mentioned above, the nonlinearity of the dendritic integration can be triggered by temporally synchronous synaptic input patterns. The nonlinearity we discuss in this paper is due to the NMDA channels. The state of these channels are controlled not only by the presence or absence of the agonist ( ...
... As mentioned above, the nonlinearity of the dendritic integration can be triggered by temporally synchronous synaptic input patterns. The nonlinearity we discuss in this paper is due to the NMDA channels. The state of these channels are controlled not only by the presence or absence of the agonist ( ...
Molecular Structure and Physiological Function of Chloride Channels
... 3 ) better than Cl , they are often called Cl chan⫺ nels because Cl is the most abundant anion in organisms and hence is the predominant permeating species under most circumstances. Cl⫺ channel gating may depend on the transmembrane voltage (in voltage-gated channels), on cell swelling, on the bindi ...
... 3 ) better than Cl , they are often called Cl chan⫺ nels because Cl is the most abundant anion in organisms and hence is the predominant permeating species under most circumstances. Cl⫺ channel gating may depend on the transmembrane voltage (in voltage-gated channels), on cell swelling, on the bindi ...
Spatial Structure of Electrical Diffuse Layers in Highly Concentrated
... ABSTRACT: Studies of room-temperature ionic liquids showed that electrical diffuse layers in these highly concentrated electrolytes may exhibit spatially extended nonmonotonic (oscillatory) and monotonic decays. These unconventional properties are fundamentally different from traditional (dilute) elec ...
... ABSTRACT: Studies of room-temperature ionic liquids showed that electrical diffuse layers in these highly concentrated electrolytes may exhibit spatially extended nonmonotonic (oscillatory) and monotonic decays. These unconventional properties are fundamentally different from traditional (dilute) elec ...
Protons and how they are transported by proton pumps
... contrast to what is known for the other members of the Ptype ATPase studied. Plasma membrane proton pumps can generate very high membrane potentials (up to the order of −300 mV in fungi). This is higher than has been reported for any other transport system and much higher than the potential of appro ...
... contrast to what is known for the other members of the Ptype ATPase studied. Plasma membrane proton pumps can generate very high membrane potentials (up to the order of −300 mV in fungi). This is higher than has been reported for any other transport system and much higher than the potential of appro ...
current models for the structure of biological membranes rev iew
... and small molecules are found in many membranes . Bulk transport of material through pinocytosis and phagocytosis is mainly a property of the plasma membrane but related processes of membrane fusion and separation can be recognized in intracellular membranes . All these processes serve to maintain o ...
... and small molecules are found in many membranes . Bulk transport of material through pinocytosis and phagocytosis is mainly a property of the plasma membrane but related processes of membrane fusion and separation can be recognized in intracellular membranes . All these processes serve to maintain o ...
Low temperature synthesis of layered Na CoO and K
... Layered NaxCoO2 and KxCoO2 phases obtained from molten NaOH and KOH fluxes show the following. (a) Na0⋅2 CoO2 is obtained where 80% of Co is in +4 state; structure of this phase could not be determined. (b) K0⋅44 CoO2 is obtained from KOH flux where lattice parameters are close to K0⋅5 CoO2 pseudohe ...
... Layered NaxCoO2 and KxCoO2 phases obtained from molten NaOH and KOH fluxes show the following. (a) Na0⋅2 CoO2 is obtained where 80% of Co is in +4 state; structure of this phase could not be determined. (b) K0⋅44 CoO2 is obtained from KOH flux where lattice parameters are close to K0⋅5 CoO2 pseudohe ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... estimate input resistance, and instantaneous and mean firing rates, as well as the latency to the first spike, were calculated in response to positive current pulses (⫹200 to 1000 pA; 1 sec duration) using custom LabView software. Three- to five-minute-long spontaneous membrane potential records wer ...
... estimate input resistance, and instantaneous and mean firing rates, as well as the latency to the first spike, were calculated in response to positive current pulses (⫹200 to 1000 pA; 1 sec duration) using custom LabView software. Three- to five-minute-long spontaneous membrane potential records wer ...
THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... excitability of the majority of dissociated AP cells tested, producing both depolarizations (38%) and hyperpolarizations (28%) in a concentration-dependent manner. Slow voltage ramps and ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, whil ...
... excitability of the majority of dissociated AP cells tested, producing both depolarizations (38%) and hyperpolarizations (28%) in a concentration-dependent manner. Slow voltage ramps and ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, whil ...
Endogenous release of 5-HT modulates the plateau phase of NMDA
... many neurons, which rely on the voltage-dependent properties of NMDA receptors in interaction with voltage-dependent potassium and KCa channels (Wallén and Grillner 1987). NMDA receptor-mediated, TTX-resistant membrane potential oscillations can contribute to the generation of locomotor activity and ...
... many neurons, which rely on the voltage-dependent properties of NMDA receptors in interaction with voltage-dependent potassium and KCa channels (Wallén and Grillner 1987). NMDA receptor-mediated, TTX-resistant membrane potential oscillations can contribute to the generation of locomotor activity and ...
REVIEWS
... Atypical C1 domains do not bind phorbol esters or DAG, and their function is not clear. A crystal structure of the (typical) C1B domain from PKCδ (which contains two C1 domains: C1A and C1B) has provided important insights into how this domain associates with membranes12. A band of hydrophobic side ...
... Atypical C1 domains do not bind phorbol esters or DAG, and their function is not clear. A crystal structure of the (typical) C1B domain from PKCδ (which contains two C1 domains: C1A and C1B) has provided important insights into how this domain associates with membranes12. A band of hydrophobic side ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.