The measurement of exocytosis in plant cells
... which vesicles bearing polysaccharide precursors and proteins fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents. Equally important, new plasma membrane is delivered by exocytosis as secretory vesicle membrane becomes incorporated. The requirements for polysaccharides, proteins and plasma memb ...
... which vesicles bearing polysaccharide precursors and proteins fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents. Equally important, new plasma membrane is delivered by exocytosis as secretory vesicle membrane becomes incorporated. The requirements for polysaccharides, proteins and plasma memb ...
Stress-induced electrolyte leakage: the role of K+
... This creates a huge chemical gradient of K+ across the plasma membrane. The cell membrane generates negative electric potential at the cytoplasmic side to hold positively charged K+ inside (Nobel, 2009). When depolarization discharges the plasma membrane, K+ leaks out through any K+-permeable pore. ...
... This creates a huge chemical gradient of K+ across the plasma membrane. The cell membrane generates negative electric potential at the cytoplasmic side to hold positively charged K+ inside (Nobel, 2009). When depolarization discharges the plasma membrane, K+ leaks out through any K+-permeable pore. ...
Physiological implications of the regulation of vacuolar
... In rat cortical late distal tubules, microperfusion experiments have shown that the rate of proton secretion by H+ATPase was also dependent on chloride transport, since the inhibition of Cl- channels by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) markedly reduced distal tubule acidification, ...
... In rat cortical late distal tubules, microperfusion experiments have shown that the rate of proton secretion by H+ATPase was also dependent on chloride transport, since the inhibition of Cl- channels by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (NPPB) markedly reduced distal tubule acidification, ...
transporters - Warner Pacific College
... occur in the presence of molecules or ions that are structurally related to the correct substrate • For example, the transport of glucose by glucose carrier proteins can be inhibited by the other monosaccharides that the carrier accepts (such as mannose and galactose) ...
... occur in the presence of molecules or ions that are structurally related to the correct substrate • For example, the transport of glucose by glucose carrier proteins can be inhibited by the other monosaccharides that the carrier accepts (such as mannose and galactose) ...
Neurotransmitters
... People with Parkinson’s disease have a problem coordinating the excitatory and inhibitory actions of their skeletal muscles. They have trouble starting and stopping any motion, and they shake at rest. What happens at threshold? • At threshold, there is a temporary, short-lived membrane permeability ...
... People with Parkinson’s disease have a problem coordinating the excitatory and inhibitory actions of their skeletal muscles. They have trouble starting and stopping any motion, and they shake at rest. What happens at threshold? • At threshold, there is a temporary, short-lived membrane permeability ...
A TUrBO SWITCH SpEEdS Up A CRUCIAL CALCIUM PUMP
... alcium plays a central role in most signalling processes of life such as changes in cell activity or cell division. Calcium signalling derives from the 20.000-fold gradient between the high concentration outside the cells and the low intracellular level. For example, during signalling or under stres ...
... alcium plays a central role in most signalling processes of life such as changes in cell activity or cell division. Calcium signalling derives from the 20.000-fold gradient between the high concentration outside the cells and the low intracellular level. For example, during signalling or under stres ...
Lecture 19
... Depending on the concentration of the ion-pair reagent, chromatography can vary from mostly reverse phase (low concentration) to mostly ion-exchange. Ion-pair reagents can also vary based on the hydrophobicity of the reagent, ie. C6-sulfonic acid, C8-sulfonic acid, C10-sulfonic acid. The longer the ...
... Depending on the concentration of the ion-pair reagent, chromatography can vary from mostly reverse phase (low concentration) to mostly ion-exchange. Ion-pair reagents can also vary based on the hydrophobicity of the reagent, ie. C6-sulfonic acid, C8-sulfonic acid, C10-sulfonic acid. The longer the ...
Cell Membrane Quiz 2013
... c. the concentration of a solution is always the same throughout a solution. d. molecules never move or collide with each other. ____ 12. When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will a. move across the membrane to the outside of the cell. b. stop mo ...
... c. the concentration of a solution is always the same throughout a solution. d. molecules never move or collide with each other. ____ 12. When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will a. move across the membrane to the outside of the cell. b. stop mo ...
Cell-like space charge configurations formed by self
... the space charge into a CSCC. It is related to the electrons that have not produced excitations and, as a consequence of the acceleration in the electric field, they obtain sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization in the nucleus according to the process A + efast → A+ + 2eslow. Here A+ is a s ...
... the space charge into a CSCC. It is related to the electrons that have not produced excitations and, as a consequence of the acceleration in the electric field, they obtain sufficient kinetic energy to produce ionization in the nucleus according to the process A + efast → A+ + 2eslow. Here A+ is a s ...
I inhibition: a novel mechanism of action
... UL-FS49 (zatebradine) — a ‘rate-reducing’ agent (Fig. 2b). If block by zatebradine is also voltage dependent, but it has a voltage dependence that is opposite to that of Cs+ block (i.e. it increases at more positive potentials; bottom panel of Fig. 2b). Analysis of the action of zatebradine21 indica ...
... UL-FS49 (zatebradine) — a ‘rate-reducing’ agent (Fig. 2b). If block by zatebradine is also voltage dependent, but it has a voltage dependence that is opposite to that of Cs+ block (i.e. it increases at more positive potentials; bottom panel of Fig. 2b). Analysis of the action of zatebradine21 indica ...
Nervous System - Neurons
... channels which allow Na+ to enter the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) and triggers an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle contraction) 8. Once the neurotransmitters are released they need to be destroyed or contained quickly or they will continue to stimulate the nerve ...
... channels which allow Na+ to enter the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle) and triggers an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron (or muscle contraction) 8. Once the neurotransmitters are released they need to be destroyed or contained quickly or they will continue to stimulate the nerve ...
Chapter 3 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... – Electrical potential energy produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across plasma membrane in all cells • Difference in electrical charge between two points is referred to as voltage • Cells that have a charge are said to be polarized ...
... – Electrical potential energy produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across plasma membrane in all cells • Difference in electrical charge between two points is referred to as voltage • Cells that have a charge are said to be polarized ...
Nervous System - Neurons
... nodes of ranvier, nerve, ions, ion channels, ligand gated ion channels, voltage gated ion channels, action potential, repolarization, depolarization, membrane potential, resting potential, sodium potassium pump, refractory ...
... nodes of ranvier, nerve, ions, ion channels, ligand gated ion channels, voltage gated ion channels, action potential, repolarization, depolarization, membrane potential, resting potential, sodium potassium pump, refractory ...
CHEMISTRY NOTES – CHAPTERS 20 AND 21
... Step a would be the have the largest Ka. Each successive step would have a smaller Ka as it becomes increasingly difficult to remove a positive hydrogen ion from a more negative anion. The terms concentrated and dilute should not be confused with the terms strong and weak in relation to acids and ba ...
... Step a would be the have the largest Ka. Each successive step would have a smaller Ka as it becomes increasingly difficult to remove a positive hydrogen ion from a more negative anion. The terms concentrated and dilute should not be confused with the terms strong and weak in relation to acids and ba ...
Active transport of antibiotics across the outer membrane of gram
... the cytoplasmic membrane. After transport into the cytoplasm, iron is released from albomycin, and the thioribosyl pyrimidine group has to be cleaved from the carrier to be inhibitory; in E. coli, this is mainly achieved by peptidase N. Mutants devoid of peptidase N activity are resistant to albomyc ...
... the cytoplasmic membrane. After transport into the cytoplasm, iron is released from albomycin, and the thioribosyl pyrimidine group has to be cleaved from the carrier to be inhibitory; in E. coli, this is mainly achieved by peptidase N. Mutants devoid of peptidase N activity are resistant to albomyc ...
Escherichia coli Evolutionary-conserved and Essential*
... In Vivo Protease K Accessibility Assay—Strain JS7131 harboring pCL-ecOxa1 together with pASKIBA3-M13P2 was essentially grown as described (20). Briefly, cells were grown overnight in LB medium supplemented with 0.2% L-arabinose. The overnight culture was diluted 1:50 in fresh LB supplemented with 0. ...
... In Vivo Protease K Accessibility Assay—Strain JS7131 harboring pCL-ecOxa1 together with pASKIBA3-M13P2 was essentially grown as described (20). Briefly, cells were grown overnight in LB medium supplemented with 0.2% L-arabinose. The overnight culture was diluted 1:50 in fresh LB supplemented with 0. ...
Transmitter Release
... in the squid terminalsdiffer from Na+ channels,however, in that they do not inactivate quickly but stay open as long as the presynaptic depolarization lasts. One striking feature of transmitter releaseat all synapsesis its steep and nonlinear dependence on Ca2+ influx-a two-fold increasein ea2+ infl ...
... in the squid terminalsdiffer from Na+ channels,however, in that they do not inactivate quickly but stay open as long as the presynaptic depolarization lasts. One striking feature of transmitter releaseat all synapsesis its steep and nonlinear dependence on Ca2+ influx-a two-fold increasein ea2+ infl ...
Organellar channels and transporters
... channels and transporters. Due to space limitation, many of the recently discovered organellar channels and transporters are not covered in this SI. We first outline common challenges, then discuss the progress in each subfield/organelle, with the focus on the mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, an ...
... channels and transporters. Due to space limitation, many of the recently discovered organellar channels and transporters are not covered in this SI. We first outline common challenges, then discuss the progress in each subfield/organelle, with the focus on the mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, an ...
Selective Gas-Phase Cleavage at the Peptide
... of the amide linkage at the C(O)-N bond C-terminal to an acidic residue (e.g., at Asp-Xxx),12-18 or at the C(O)-N bond N-terminal to a proline residue (i.e., Xxx-Pro),19,20 have been noticed. However, the fact that these selective/enhanced cleavages do not always occur might have discouraged the inv ...
... of the amide linkage at the C(O)-N bond C-terminal to an acidic residue (e.g., at Asp-Xxx),12-18 or at the C(O)-N bond N-terminal to a proline residue (i.e., Xxx-Pro),19,20 have been noticed. However, the fact that these selective/enhanced cleavages do not always occur might have discouraged the inv ...
17.1 Physics 6B Electric Potential
... When the potential energy of the system decreases, positive work is done by the electric force. When potential energy increases, negative work is done by the electric force (or alternatively, Prepared by Vince Zaccone positive work is done on the system by outside forces). For Campus Learning Assist ...
... When the potential energy of the system decreases, positive work is done by the electric force. When potential energy increases, negative work is done by the electric force (or alternatively, Prepared by Vince Zaccone positive work is done on the system by outside forces). For Campus Learning Assist ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.