Using RSI format - Bernd von Issendorff
... geometry of the side plates which produces the smallest deviation of the ion trajectories from the ideal case was determined 共see Fig. 4兲. The simulations show that with the chosen geometry the field distortion is small enough that it does not reduce the mass resolution 共of up to 50兲 that we are aim ...
... geometry of the side plates which produces the smallest deviation of the ion trajectories from the ideal case was determined 共see Fig. 4兲. The simulations show that with the chosen geometry the field distortion is small enough that it does not reduce the mass resolution 共of up to 50兲 that we are aim ...
Neuroscience and Behavior
... changes take place within a neuron that cause an electric charge to be transmitted along the neuron. The conduction of the neural impulse along the length of a neuron is what is meant by “firing.” Think of a neuron as a tiny biological battery. Ions, electrically charged chemical molecules, are loca ...
... changes take place within a neuron that cause an electric charge to be transmitted along the neuron. The conduction of the neural impulse along the length of a neuron is what is meant by “firing.” Think of a neuron as a tiny biological battery. Ions, electrically charged chemical molecules, are loca ...
Detection of Organic Pollutants with a Pulsed Ion Mobility
... with increasing concentration while the monomer peaks increase until the dimer peaks appear, and then lose intensity while the dimer peaks increase in intensity). The lower spectrum shows the decay behavior when introducing a delay time between ion production and detection. In the positve mode the R ...
... with increasing concentration while the monomer peaks increase until the dimer peaks appear, and then lose intensity while the dimer peaks increase in intensity). The lower spectrum shows the decay behavior when introducing a delay time between ion production and detection. In the positve mode the R ...
25. Organ of balance and hearing
... Dynamic equilibrium: needed to maintain balance when the head or body is rotated or suddenly moved; able to detect changes in direction and rate at which movement occurs (Figure 15-15) Depends on the functioning of the cristae ampullaris, located in the ampulla of each semicircular duct Cupula ...
... Dynamic equilibrium: needed to maintain balance when the head or body is rotated or suddenly moved; able to detect changes in direction and rate at which movement occurs (Figure 15-15) Depends on the functioning of the cristae ampullaris, located in the ampulla of each semicircular duct Cupula ...
Uses of Genomic Information in the Diagnosis of Disease Bethany
... Mechanism of Action • Local anesthetic drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the nerve cytoplasm – Sodium ions cannot flow in, so potassium ions cannot flow out, thereby preventing the depolarization of the nerve. ...
... Mechanism of Action • Local anesthetic drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the nerve cytoplasm – Sodium ions cannot flow in, so potassium ions cannot flow out, thereby preventing the depolarization of the nerve. ...
LY-294002-inhibitable PI 3-kinase and regulation of baseline rates
... quotient No /Po. NT represents the total number of channels involved in apical membrane Na⫹ entry into the cells that fluctuate spontaneously between open and closed states of the channel. Channel densities are expressed in units of millions of channels per cm2 of planar area or per 100 m2, approxi ...
... quotient No /Po. NT represents the total number of channels involved in apical membrane Na⫹ entry into the cells that fluctuate spontaneously between open and closed states of the channel. Channel densities are expressed in units of millions of channels per cm2 of planar area or per 100 m2, approxi ...
MaxiK Channel β-Subunits
... play a variety of roles, of which only a few have been extensively studied. Depending on the cell type, different MaxiK currents can be observed, differing mainly in Ca2+ sensitivity and macroscopic kinetics. Moreover, inactivating MaxiK currents have been observed. This variety of MaxiK channel typ ...
... play a variety of roles, of which only a few have been extensively studied. Depending on the cell type, different MaxiK currents can be observed, differing mainly in Ca2+ sensitivity and macroscopic kinetics. Moreover, inactivating MaxiK currents have been observed. This variety of MaxiK channel typ ...
clinical evaluation of the potential for delayed ventricular repolarization
... is an increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia, including torsade de pointes, particularly when combined with other risk factors (e.g., hypokalemia, structural heart disease, bradycardia). Thus, much emphasis has been placed on the potential proarrhythmic effects of pharmaceuticals that are ass ...
... is an increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia, including torsade de pointes, particularly when combined with other risk factors (e.g., hypokalemia, structural heart disease, bradycardia). Thus, much emphasis has been placed on the potential proarrhythmic effects of pharmaceuticals that are ass ...
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... portion of these currents that flows through the extracellular space is directly responsible for the generation of field potentials (Fig. 2.3). Particular significance must be ascribed to the synaptic processes as causing events for the field potentials in question, especially for their time course. ...
... portion of these currents that flows through the extracellular space is directly responsible for the generation of field potentials (Fig. 2.3). Particular significance must be ascribed to the synaptic processes as causing events for the field potentials in question, especially for their time course. ...
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitors 2 ) Find the charge on 4uF
... 12). Capacitor is a device used to store electric charge and energy . a. What is the principle of a capacitor? (2) b. A 10V battery is connected to 2 identical capacitor A and B , if a material of dielectric constant 3 is present between the plates of B. The potential difference between A and B are ...
... 12). Capacitor is a device used to store electric charge and energy . a. What is the principle of a capacitor? (2) b. A 10V battery is connected to 2 identical capacitor A and B , if a material of dielectric constant 3 is present between the plates of B. The potential difference between A and B are ...
Transport and Storage of Metal Ions in Biology
... but life certainly does not persist there. This supply is of no use for an organism that needs nickel. Another aspect of bioavailability is the form in which an element is commonly found. Zinc sul®de minerals are certainly common enough in the biosphere, but in this form Zn is not very usable. Few o ...
... but life certainly does not persist there. This supply is of no use for an organism that needs nickel. Another aspect of bioavailability is the form in which an element is commonly found. Zinc sul®de minerals are certainly common enough in the biosphere, but in this form Zn is not very usable. Few o ...
Nervous Tissue
... The junction between the axon hillock and the initial segment is the trigger zone (nerve impulses arise here). The cytoplasm of the axon is the axoplasm and is surrounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma (lemma = ...
... The junction between the axon hillock and the initial segment is the trigger zone (nerve impulses arise here). The cytoplasm of the axon is the axoplasm and is surrounded by a plasma membrane known as the axolemma (lemma = ...
Degrees of freedom effect on fragmentation in tandem mass
... beginning of organic mass spectrometry.[1–3] This phenomenon can be explained on the basis of the quasi-equilibrium theory, meaning that the energy gained during the electron ionization[4–6] or chemical ionization[7] process is distributed statistically to all vibrational degrees of freedom (DoF). T ...
... beginning of organic mass spectrometry.[1–3] This phenomenon can be explained on the basis of the quasi-equilibrium theory, meaning that the energy gained during the electron ionization[4–6] or chemical ionization[7] process is distributed statistically to all vibrational degrees of freedom (DoF). T ...
CHAPTER 48 NEURONS, SYNAPSES, AND SIGNALING Learning
... 1. Name the three stages in the processing of information by nervous systems. 2. Distinguish among sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. 3. List and describe the major parts of a neuron and explain the function of each. 4. Describe the function of glia. The Nature of Nerve Signals 5. Def ...
... 1. Name the three stages in the processing of information by nervous systems. 2. Distinguish among sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. 3. List and describe the major parts of a neuron and explain the function of each. 4. Describe the function of glia. The Nature of Nerve Signals 5. Def ...
molecular mechanisms of mechanoperception in plants
... Ca2+ channel may respond to touch, gravity, and osmotically induced membrane stretch in these “plant-like” cells (Iwabuchi et al., 2005; Kaneko et al., 2005; Kaneko et al., 2009; Staves, 1997). The advent of patch-clamp electrophysiology made possible the study of opening and closing of single mecha ...
... Ca2+ channel may respond to touch, gravity, and osmotically induced membrane stretch in these “plant-like” cells (Iwabuchi et al., 2005; Kaneko et al., 2005; Kaneko et al., 2009; Staves, 1997). The advent of patch-clamp electrophysiology made possible the study of opening and closing of single mecha ...
Theory of Ion Exchange
... capacity, D the Rlm diffusion coefRcient and C is the ion concentration. For particle diffusion (eqn [16]), the rate of exchange increases (t1/2 decreases) as the particle radius decreases, being proportional to 1/r20. For Rlm diffusion (eqn [17]), the rate increases less strongly as r0 is decreased ...
... capacity, D the Rlm diffusion coefRcient and C is the ion concentration. For particle diffusion (eqn [16]), the rate of exchange increases (t1/2 decreases) as the particle radius decreases, being proportional to 1/r20. For Rlm diffusion (eqn [17]), the rate increases less strongly as r0 is decreased ...
Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs: Introduction Drugs
... essentially all neurons in the CNS. All NMDA receptors require the presence of the subunit GluN1. The channel also contains one or two NR2 subunits (GluN2A-D). Unlike AMPA and kainate receptors, all NMDA receptors are highly permeable to Ca2+ as well as to Na+ and K+. NMDA receptor function is contr ...
... essentially all neurons in the CNS. All NMDA receptors require the presence of the subunit GluN1. The channel also contains one or two NR2 subunits (GluN2A-D). Unlike AMPA and kainate receptors, all NMDA receptors are highly permeable to Ca2+ as well as to Na+ and K+. NMDA receptor function is contr ...
Stitching proteins into membranes, not sew simple
... In a single spanning membrane protein, SAII integration would give rise to a protein with a Type II membrane topology (N-terminal cytosolic/C-terminal lumenal disposition). Thus, SAII sequences translocate their C-terminal flanking residues into the ER lumen. This is often depicted as the N-terminus ...
... In a single spanning membrane protein, SAII integration would give rise to a protein with a Type II membrane topology (N-terminal cytosolic/C-terminal lumenal disposition). Thus, SAII sequences translocate their C-terminal flanking residues into the ER lumen. This is often depicted as the N-terminus ...
Covalent Chemical Modification of Self
... collide with a surface at low energy (1–100 eV), and the ions scattered from the surface can be studied in an attempt to understand these phenomena.19–23 Ion/surface inelastic collisions are well-studied processes whereby the projectile ion picks up internal energy leading to its fragmentation, a pr ...
... collide with a surface at low energy (1–100 eV), and the ions scattered from the surface can be studied in an attempt to understand these phenomena.19–23 Ion/surface inelastic collisions are well-studied processes whereby the projectile ion picks up internal energy leading to its fragmentation, a pr ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.