Plasma Membrane Depolarization Induced by
... et al., 1986; Assmann and Shimazaki, 1999). Interestingly, this proton pumping (Assmann et al., 1985; Assmann and Shimazaki, 1999) was shown to be inhibited by 65% in the presence of ABA (Goh et al., 1996). ABA could act either by blocking one signaling event of the blue-light signaling pathway, or ...
... et al., 1986; Assmann and Shimazaki, 1999). Interestingly, this proton pumping (Assmann et al., 1985; Assmann and Shimazaki, 1999) was shown to be inhibited by 65% in the presence of ABA (Goh et al., 1996). ABA could act either by blocking one signaling event of the blue-light signaling pathway, or ...
Theory of Coordination Chemistry
... In almost all Fe-S proteins, the Fe centers is tetrahedral and the thiolato sulfur centers, from cysteinyl residues, are terminal ligands. The sulfide groups are either two- or threecoordinated. A common motif features a four iron ions and four sulfide ions placed at the vertices of a cubane-type ...
... In almost all Fe-S proteins, the Fe centers is tetrahedral and the thiolato sulfur centers, from cysteinyl residues, are terminal ligands. The sulfide groups are either two- or threecoordinated. A common motif features a four iron ions and four sulfide ions placed at the vertices of a cubane-type ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... swelling in ischemic cerebral tissue of rat, but using parameters for human grey matter, they find that sodium inflow persists through NMDA channels and cell swelling ...
... swelling in ischemic cerebral tissue of rat, but using parameters for human grey matter, they find that sodium inflow persists through NMDA channels and cell swelling ...
pH meters and their electrodes: calibration, maintenance and use
... which, in its simple form, is E=KT log (C1/C2) where K = Constant 2.3 (R/zF) and if either C1 or C2 is known then the concentration can be calculated from the measurement of the potential developed. In making an electrical connection between the reference electrode and the sample solution via a salt ...
... which, in its simple form, is E=KT log (C1/C2) where K = Constant 2.3 (R/zF) and if either C1 or C2 is known then the concentration can be calculated from the measurement of the potential developed. In making an electrical connection between the reference electrode and the sample solution via a salt ...
The Primary Sensations of Smell
... first diffuses into the mucus that covers the cilia. Then it binds with receptor proteins in the membrane of each cilium it is coupled with Gprotein, immediately activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts adenosine triphosphate(ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Finally, this cAMP open ...
... first diffuses into the mucus that covers the cilia. Then it binds with receptor proteins in the membrane of each cilium it is coupled with Gprotein, immediately activates adenylyl cyclase, which converts adenosine triphosphate(ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Finally, this cAMP open ...
Solubility Product Constants We have been looking at how
... Solubility Product Constants We have been looking at how equilibrium constants can be used in chemical reactions. The concept of equilibrium also applies to saturated solutions of ionic solids. A saturated solution is one that is holding the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature. ...
... Solubility Product Constants We have been looking at how equilibrium constants can be used in chemical reactions. The concept of equilibrium also applies to saturated solutions of ionic solids. A saturated solution is one that is holding the maximum amount of solute possible at a given temperature. ...
video slide
... concentration of K+ is greater inside the cell, while the concentration of Na+ is greater outside the cell • Sodium-potassium pumps use the energy of ATP to maintain these K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane • These concentration gradients represent chemical potential energy Copyright © ...
... concentration of K+ is greater inside the cell, while the concentration of Na+ is greater outside the cell • Sodium-potassium pumps use the energy of ATP to maintain these K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane • These concentration gradients represent chemical potential energy Copyright © ...
Cable and Compartmental Models of Dendritic Trees
... short length of dendrite, the electrical current inside the core conductor tends to flow parallel to the cylinder axis (along the x-axis). This is why the classical cable theory considers only one spatial dimension (x) along the cable, while neglecting the y and z dimensions. In other words, one key ...
... short length of dendrite, the electrical current inside the core conductor tends to flow parallel to the cylinder axis (along the x-axis). This is why the classical cable theory considers only one spatial dimension (x) along the cable, while neglecting the y and z dimensions. In other words, one key ...
Electrical Properties of the Pacemaker Neurons in the Heart
... for this spread were called side-connections, and from the physiological data it was presumed that they were so numerous that the fibers acted as a single fiber. Undoubtedly, the side-junctions, described above, supply the structural basis for the spread of spikes. In this paper we prefer to call th ...
... for this spread were called side-connections, and from the physiological data it was presumed that they were so numerous that the fibers acted as a single fiber. Undoubtedly, the side-junctions, described above, supply the structural basis for the spread of spikes. In this paper we prefer to call th ...
Lecture 9 Mass Spectrommetry Techniques
... introduced into trap, collisions will cause peptides to fragment usually the C-N peptide bond to produce b and y ions (see later) -Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) – IR laser is fired into ions to excite the vibrations of peptides. -Electron capture dissociation (ECD) – electron beam is fir ...
... introduced into trap, collisions will cause peptides to fragment usually the C-N peptide bond to produce b and y ions (see later) -Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) – IR laser is fired into ions to excite the vibrations of peptides. -Electron capture dissociation (ECD) – electron beam is fir ...
Optical recording of electrical activity in intact neuronal networks
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
... neuroscience is how simple processes in neurons can generate cognitive functions and form complex memories like those experienced by humans and animals. In principle, if one were able to record from all the neurons in a network involved in a given behavior, it would be possible to reconstruct the r ...
SNX9 – a prelude to vesicle release - Journal of Cell Science
... central molecule in this respect is adaptor protein 2 (AP-2), which binds to cargo proteins to be taken up and enriches them in clathrincoated areas; at the same time, AP-2 recruits accessory proteins that are essential for the formation of the vesicular coat and the determination of its shape. At l ...
... central molecule in this respect is adaptor protein 2 (AP-2), which binds to cargo proteins to be taken up and enriches them in clathrincoated areas; at the same time, AP-2 recruits accessory proteins that are essential for the formation of the vesicular coat and the determination of its shape. At l ...
how proteins move lipids and lipids move proteins
... diacylglycerol (DAG), which themselves activate Ca2+ channels and protein kinases C. Furthermore, signalling lipids might change the local physical properties of the membrane. Similarly to DAG, ceramide produced by a sphingomyelinase during apoptosis might activate a specific protein kinase and phos ...
... diacylglycerol (DAG), which themselves activate Ca2+ channels and protein kinases C. Furthermore, signalling lipids might change the local physical properties of the membrane. Similarly to DAG, ceramide produced by a sphingomyelinase during apoptosis might activate a specific protein kinase and phos ...
The FluidMosaic Model of the Structure of Cell Membranes
... possibility that the cooperative unit inThe phospholipids of membranes. volved in the phase transition is quite There is now substantial evidence that -small, consisting perhaps of only 100. the major portion of the phospholipids lipid molecules on the average. (ii) None is in bilayer form in a vari ...
... possibility that the cooperative unit inThe phospholipids of membranes. volved in the phase transition is quite There is now substantial evidence that -small, consisting perhaps of only 100. the major portion of the phospholipids lipid molecules on the average. (ii) None is in bilayer form in a vari ...
Chapter # PLASMA MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPID ASYMMETRY
... phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid. The binding to these phospholipids is said to induce penetration of the protein into the hydrophobic domain of the lipid, causing destabilization of the membrane and fission (Burger et al., 2000). While examples such as these pr ...
... phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid. The binding to these phospholipids is said to induce penetration of the protein into the hydrophobic domain of the lipid, causing destabilization of the membrane and fission (Burger et al., 2000). While examples such as these pr ...
Lecture 8
... a) A polarographic run is carried out separately for each standard solution and the diffusion current is calculated (id1, id2, …..) b) A working curve of diffusion currents against concentrations of standards (obey Ilkovic Eq.) is plotted. c) A separate polarographic wave is done for the analyte and ...
... a) A polarographic run is carried out separately for each standard solution and the diffusion current is calculated (id1, id2, …..) b) A working curve of diffusion currents against concentrations of standards (obey Ilkovic Eq.) is plotted. c) A separate polarographic wave is done for the analyte and ...
nerve part 1
... outside and a high concentration of K ion inside the nerve cells • Any condition decreases the metabolic activity of the cell e.g. by cooling →inhibits Na-K pump →Na+ ions will accumulate inside the cell and neutralize the -ve charges of protein ions and K ions that held on the outer surface escape ...
... outside and a high concentration of K ion inside the nerve cells • Any condition decreases the metabolic activity of the cell e.g. by cooling →inhibits Na-K pump →Na+ ions will accumulate inside the cell and neutralize the -ve charges of protein ions and K ions that held on the outer surface escape ...
tethering redox proteins to the outer membrane in Neisseria and
... from the surface of the inner leaflet of the outer membrane. Hong et al. [18] showed that the Laz protein or a GST (glutathione transferase) fused to the signal peptide plus Nterminal LCR of Laz enables the globular azurin–GST to be surface-exposed in Neisseria (or indeed on expression in E. coli). ...
... from the surface of the inner leaflet of the outer membrane. Hong et al. [18] showed that the Laz protein or a GST (glutathione transferase) fused to the signal peptide plus Nterminal LCR of Laz enables the globular azurin–GST to be surface-exposed in Neisseria (or indeed on expression in E. coli). ...
Plasma membrane repair in plants
... are still unknown, annexins A1 and A2 have been shown to aggregate intracellular vesicles and lipid rafts in a Ca2+dependent manner at the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane [61,62]. The first insight pointing to a role in plasma membrane repair for animal annexins A1 and A2 came with the obse ...
... are still unknown, annexins A1 and A2 have been shown to aggregate intracellular vesicles and lipid rafts in a Ca2+dependent manner at the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane [61,62]. The first insight pointing to a role in plasma membrane repair for animal annexins A1 and A2 came with the obse ...
Sample
... 7) The ________ system is comprised of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. A) peripheral nervous B) central nervous C) enteric nervous D) corticospinal E) corticospinal nervous Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Objective: Factual LO: 2.1 APA:1.1 8) The neuron region that resembles ...
... 7) The ________ system is comprised of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. A) peripheral nervous B) central nervous C) enteric nervous D) corticospinal E) corticospinal nervous Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Objective: Factual LO: 2.1 APA:1.1 8) The neuron region that resembles ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.