Understanding a Sodium-Controlled Diet
... More Ways to Learn 1. Visit www.cpmc.org, click on “Learning About Your Health,” and then “Patient Education.” Search under the broad health topic “Food and Nutrition.” 2. Visit the American Heart Association Web site at www.americanheart.org. 3. Go to www.eatright.org - the American Dietetic Assoc ...
... More Ways to Learn 1. Visit www.cpmc.org, click on “Learning About Your Health,” and then “Patient Education.” Search under the broad health topic “Food and Nutrition.” 2. Visit the American Heart Association Web site at www.americanheart.org. 3. Go to www.eatright.org - the American Dietetic Assoc ...
Matti Kaisti – Field-effect based chemical and biological sensing
... target analyte is directly in electrical form allowing convenient data postprocessing and simple interfacing to standard electrical components. With field-effect transistor (FET) based sensors, the transducing principle relies on direct detection of interfacial charge allowing detection of various i ...
... target analyte is directly in electrical form allowing convenient data postprocessing and simple interfacing to standard electrical components. With field-effect transistor (FET) based sensors, the transducing principle relies on direct detection of interfacial charge allowing detection of various i ...
Thylakoid biogenesis has joined the new era of bacterial cell biology
... multisubunit complexes in nature. Recent years have seen major breakthroughs in elucidating the ultrastructure of all core constituents of these complexes, i.e., photosystem II (PSII), the cytb6 f complex and photosystem I (PS I) (Eberhard et al., 2008; Umena et al., 2011). They are composed of doze ...
... multisubunit complexes in nature. Recent years have seen major breakthroughs in elucidating the ultrastructure of all core constituents of these complexes, i.e., photosystem II (PSII), the cytb6 f complex and photosystem I (PS I) (Eberhard et al., 2008; Umena et al., 2011). They are composed of doze ...
electrostatic potential and capacitance
... conductor. We can understand this by the fact that the electric field inside a conductor is zero. Consider a Gaussian Surface shown by the dots inside the surface and very close to it. Every point on it is inside the surface and not on the surface of conductor. Hence the electric field at every poin ...
... conductor. We can understand this by the fact that the electric field inside a conductor is zero. Consider a Gaussian Surface shown by the dots inside the surface and very close to it. Every point on it is inside the surface and not on the surface of conductor. Hence the electric field at every poin ...
Potassium channels in C. elegans
... 2.1. Voltage-gated potassium channels Voltage-gated potassium channels are the largest class of 6TM channels. These channels are activated by depolarization, but function with a wide diversity of activation and inactivation kinetics. In mammals, these channels are widely expressed in brain, muscle a ...
... 2.1. Voltage-gated potassium channels Voltage-gated potassium channels are the largest class of 6TM channels. These channels are activated by depolarization, but function with a wide diversity of activation and inactivation kinetics. In mammals, these channels are widely expressed in brain, muscle a ...
A new look at sodium channel b subunits
... membrane resting potential of about 270 mV (the membrane potential is defined relative to the extracellular medium; a potential of 270 mV implies that the cell interior is negative relative to the exterior). The negative resting membrane potential is largely set by the greater membrane permeability ...
... membrane resting potential of about 270 mV (the membrane potential is defined relative to the extracellular medium; a potential of 270 mV implies that the cell interior is negative relative to the exterior). The negative resting membrane potential is largely set by the greater membrane permeability ...
Hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution: How regular are their
... SIZE OF A METAL ION It is important to stress that a metal ion does not have a given ionic radius as it depends on the number of ligands clustered around it. Certain metal ions have a certain strongly preferred coordination number and figure due to electronic reasons, while the majority of the metal ...
... SIZE OF A METAL ION It is important to stress that a metal ion does not have a given ionic radius as it depends on the number of ligands clustered around it. Certain metal ions have a certain strongly preferred coordination number and figure due to electronic reasons, while the majority of the metal ...
Phospholipid Class and Fatty Acid Composition of Golgi Apparatus
... 7 5 z of the total acids being unsaturated. The major unsaturated acids encountered were oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids. Phosphatidylinositol of endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, lysophosphatidylcholine of all membrane fractions, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine of plasma membrane c ...
... 7 5 z of the total acids being unsaturated. The major unsaturated acids encountered were oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids. Phosphatidylinositol of endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane, lysophosphatidylcholine of all membrane fractions, and lysophosphatidylethanolamine of plasma membrane c ...
Fatty acid modification and membrane lipids
... This ability of phospholipids to form lipid bilayers is of fundamental importance for the currently most acceptable concept of membrane structure, although not the only one (Cullis & DeKruijf, 1979), as proposed by Singer & Nicholson (1972). Their fluid-mosaic model of a biological membrane depicts ...
... This ability of phospholipids to form lipid bilayers is of fundamental importance for the currently most acceptable concept of membrane structure, although not the only one (Cullis & DeKruijf, 1979), as proposed by Singer & Nicholson (1972). Their fluid-mosaic model of a biological membrane depicts ...
Effect of Ions on the Hydrophobic Interaction between Two Plates
... between two nonpolar, hydrophobic surfaces. Each surface is represented by a plate of 31 single-layer atoms, arranged in a triangular lattice with a bond length of 0.32 nm. The shape of the plate is disklike, with a diameter of about 2.1 nm (see Figure 1). The Lennard-Jones (LJ) parameters of the pl ...
... between two nonpolar, hydrophobic surfaces. Each surface is represented by a plate of 31 single-layer atoms, arranged in a triangular lattice with a bond length of 0.32 nm. The shape of the plate is disklike, with a diameter of about 2.1 nm (see Figure 1). The Lennard-Jones (LJ) parameters of the pl ...
Na /Ca2+ Exchanger Maintains Ionic Homeostasis in the
... Background and Purpose—A prominent feature of cerebral ischemia is the excessive intracellular accumulation of both Na⫹ and Ca2⫹ ions, which results in subsequent cell death. The plasma membrane Na⫹/Ca2⫹ exchanger (NCX), regulates the distribution of these ions acting either in the forward mode or i ...
... Background and Purpose—A prominent feature of cerebral ischemia is the excessive intracellular accumulation of both Na⫹ and Ca2⫹ ions, which results in subsequent cell death. The plasma membrane Na⫹/Ca2⫹ exchanger (NCX), regulates the distribution of these ions acting either in the forward mode or i ...
The essential role of anionic transport in plant cells
... Plasma membrane anion transporters play fundamental roles in plant cell biology, especially in stomatal closure and nutrition. Notwithstanding, a lot is still unknown about the specific function of these transporters, their specific localization, or molecular nature. Here the fundamental roles of an ...
... Plasma membrane anion transporters play fundamental roles in plant cell biology, especially in stomatal closure and nutrition. Notwithstanding, a lot is still unknown about the specific function of these transporters, their specific localization, or molecular nature. Here the fundamental roles of an ...
Runions et al - Oxford Academic
... Measurement of the rate at which activated GFP moves away from the activation spot shows that this motion is much faster than would be expected if membrane components moved simply by diffusion. Treatment with latrunculin to depolymerize the actin cytoskeleton stops ER remodelling and reduces the rat ...
... Measurement of the rate at which activated GFP moves away from the activation spot shows that this motion is much faster than would be expected if membrane components moved simply by diffusion. Treatment with latrunculin to depolymerize the actin cytoskeleton stops ER remodelling and reduces the rat ...
Computing Action Potentials by Phase Interference in
... hyperpolarisation and after the initial rising phase where exponential depolarisation is uncertain. For a 99% certainty, this figure where the rising potential wavers between threshold and digit can be calculated from the probability of full depolarisation over a specific time ...
... hyperpolarisation and after the initial rising phase where exponential depolarisation is uncertain. For a 99% certainty, this figure where the rising potential wavers between threshold and digit can be calculated from the probability of full depolarisation over a specific time ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.