A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... potential (Δψ approximately −30 mV, luminal-side positive) is less negative than the resting membrane potential of the cell (Δψ approximately −70 mV), providing less driving force for Ca2+ fluxes (Dong et al., 2010; Xu and Ren, 2015). In addition, the voltage dependence of TRPA1 activation may also ...
... potential (Δψ approximately −30 mV, luminal-side positive) is less negative than the resting membrane potential of the cell (Δψ approximately −70 mV), providing less driving force for Ca2+ fluxes (Dong et al., 2010; Xu and Ren, 2015). In addition, the voltage dependence of TRPA1 activation may also ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... potential (Δψ approximately −30 mV, luminal-side positive) is less negative than the resting membrane potential of the cell (Δψ approximately −70 mV), providing less driving force for Ca2+ fluxes (Dong et al., 2010; Xu and Ren, 2015). In addition, the voltage dependence of TRPA1 activation may also ...
... potential (Δψ approximately −30 mV, luminal-side positive) is less negative than the resting membrane potential of the cell (Δψ approximately −70 mV), providing less driving force for Ca2+ fluxes (Dong et al., 2010; Xu and Ren, 2015). In addition, the voltage dependence of TRPA1 activation may also ...
A painful TR(i)P to lysosomes
... potential (Δψ approximately −30 mV, luminal-side positive) is less negative than the resting membrane potential of the cell (Δψ approximately −70 mV), providing less driving force for Ca2+ fluxes (Dong et al., 2010; Xu and Ren, 2015). In addition, the voltage dependence of TRPA1 activation may also ...
... potential (Δψ approximately −30 mV, luminal-side positive) is less negative than the resting membrane potential of the cell (Δψ approximately −70 mV), providing less driving force for Ca2+ fluxes (Dong et al., 2010; Xu and Ren, 2015). In addition, the voltage dependence of TRPA1 activation may also ...
biological membranes and membrane transport
... polarized. For example, the intracellular face has negative potential of ~60 mV. 8. Membrane potentials play a key role in transport, energy conversion, and ...
... polarized. For example, the intracellular face has negative potential of ~60 mV. 8. Membrane potentials play a key role in transport, energy conversion, and ...
Soluble - HCC Learning Web
... Adding NaCl increases the Cl- concentration and the solution is no longer at equilibrium. The ion product (Qsp) at that moment is bigger than the solubility product (Ksp). The reaction will eventually return to equilibrium but when it does, the [Ag+] is no longer equal to the [Cl-]. Instead, the [ ...
... Adding NaCl increases the Cl- concentration and the solution is no longer at equilibrium. The ion product (Qsp) at that moment is bigger than the solubility product (Ksp). The reaction will eventually return to equilibrium but when it does, the [Ag+] is no longer equal to the [Cl-]. Instead, the [ ...
physical chemistry notes
... stoichiometry of their reactions, we mean that one mole of a weak acid (such as ethanoic acid) reacts in the same molar ratio as one mole of a strong acid (such as hydrochloric acid) when reacting with alkalis, metal oxides, metal carbonates or metals such as magnesium. The molar ratio will be the s ...
... stoichiometry of their reactions, we mean that one mole of a weak acid (such as ethanoic acid) reacts in the same molar ratio as one mole of a strong acid (such as hydrochloric acid) when reacting with alkalis, metal oxides, metal carbonates or metals such as magnesium. The molar ratio will be the s ...
the basics of mass spectrometry in the twenty- first century
... transported into the discharge region. Liquids are introduced through a capillary like that used for ESI. However, instead of applying a voltage to nebulize the sample, a nebulizing gas (N2) and heat (100–500 oC) are used. Both positive and negative ions are formed in the discharge, and analyte char ...
... transported into the discharge region. Liquids are introduced through a capillary like that used for ESI. However, instead of applying a voltage to nebulize the sample, a nebulizing gas (N2) and heat (100–500 oC) are used. Both positive and negative ions are formed in the discharge, and analyte char ...
Cyclohexane Rings Reduce Membrane Permeability to Small Ions
... scattering (DLS; Figure S8). We expect the lipids in these liposomes to predominantly adopt a transmembrane configuration.[31, 32] However, it is plausible that some fraction of the lipids can adopt a hairpin configuration to help stabilize the high curvature of the liposomes. The average size of th ...
... scattering (DLS; Figure S8). We expect the lipids in these liposomes to predominantly adopt a transmembrane configuration.[31, 32] However, it is plausible that some fraction of the lipids can adopt a hairpin configuration to help stabilize the high curvature of the liposomes. The average size of th ...
Muscarinic Activation of a Cation Current and Associated Current
... layer-II neurons is thus fundamental for understanding the function(s) of the entorhinal-hippocampal network that is involved, at least, in the encoding of explicit memories (Scoville and Milner 1957; Squire 1998). In a previous current-clamp study, we showed that application of the cholinergic agon ...
... layer-II neurons is thus fundamental for understanding the function(s) of the entorhinal-hippocampal network that is involved, at least, in the encoding of explicit memories (Scoville and Milner 1957; Squire 1998). In a previous current-clamp study, we showed that application of the cholinergic agon ...
physiology of ion transport across the tonoplast of higher plants
... Several groups have studied the regulation of V-ATPase activity and levels of expression of subunits for the enzyme during growth of the halophyte M. crystallinum in NaCl. Measurements of both V-ATPase H+-transport activity and ATP hydrolytic activity were twofold higher in tonoplast vesicles isolat ...
... Several groups have studied the regulation of V-ATPase activity and levels of expression of subunits for the enzyme during growth of the halophyte M. crystallinum in NaCl. Measurements of both V-ATPase H+-transport activity and ATP hydrolytic activity were twofold higher in tonoplast vesicles isolat ...
Metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-metal charge transfer in thin films of
... is evaluated. Unexpectedly, this analysis reveals the presence of a significant amount of a reduced phase, which turns out to be strongly dependent on the sample synthesis and storage conditions. ...
... is evaluated. Unexpectedly, this analysis reveals the presence of a significant amount of a reduced phase, which turns out to be strongly dependent on the sample synthesis and storage conditions. ...
ref. #29 of the TIBS article
... von Heijne, G. (1998) J. Mol. Biol. 284, 1165-1175]. Both Trp and Phe tend to push the transmembrane helix into the membrane when inserted in positions flanking the poly-Leu stretch, and Trp (but not Phe) pulls the transmembrane helix toward the lipid-water interface when inserted inside the poly-Le ...
... von Heijne, G. (1998) J. Mol. Biol. 284, 1165-1175]. Both Trp and Phe tend to push the transmembrane helix into the membrane when inserted in positions flanking the poly-Leu stretch, and Trp (but not Phe) pulls the transmembrane helix toward the lipid-water interface when inserted inside the poly-Le ...
Functional Roles Of Lipids In membranes - IJS
... along with many minor precursors and modified products, the number of individual phospholipid species ranges in the hundreds. In more complex eukaryotic organisms with greater diversity in both the phospholipids and fatty acids, the number of individual species is in the thousands. If one or two pho ...
... along with many minor precursors and modified products, the number of individual phospholipid species ranges in the hundreds. In more complex eukaryotic organisms with greater diversity in both the phospholipids and fatty acids, the number of individual species is in the thousands. If one or two pho ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.