![Part I: chapters, but I will cover them rapidly. The outlines will be](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/013413549_1-ad1955e7500a50a500d40d5a44996a01-300x300.png)
Part I: chapters, but I will cover them rapidly. The outlines will be
... standard curves. How would an open nesting songbird’s survivorship curve appear if it was Type III for the first year and then Type II for the rest of its life span? Sketch this curve on the survivorship curve graph in question 8. ...
... standard curves. How would an open nesting songbird’s survivorship curve appear if it was Type III for the first year and then Type II for the rest of its life span? Sketch this curve on the survivorship curve graph in question 8. ...
African Herp News 58, December 2012
... seven families is not followed here, nor the recent changes with regard to the genera of Lamprophiidae (Kelly et al., 2011). The Colubridae still includes Natricidae and Lamprophiidae as subfamilies, and Duberria is included in the latter. The house snakes are well represented (as Lamprophis), with ...
... seven families is not followed here, nor the recent changes with regard to the genera of Lamprophiidae (Kelly et al., 2011). The Colubridae still includes Natricidae and Lamprophiidae as subfamilies, and Duberria is included in the latter. The house snakes are well represented (as Lamprophis), with ...
Effects of phytopathogens on plant community dynamics: a review
... vertically via mother plants[3]. Some pathogens are specific for certain plant species, while others ...
... vertically via mother plants[3]. Some pathogens are specific for certain plant species, while others ...
Integrated Pest Management IPM
... Tissue Injury to Leaves Mines Caused by small, immature beetles or flies that live in-between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. The shape of the mine, along with the plant species being attacked, is useful in identifying the pest species involved. ...
... Tissue Injury to Leaves Mines Caused by small, immature beetles or flies that live in-between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. The shape of the mine, along with the plant species being attacked, is useful in identifying the pest species involved. ...
PDF
... been successfully used to identify how resource imbalances affect basic physiological processes (Frost et al., 2005). In the following sections, we describe different strategies utilized by autotrophs and heterotrophs to acquire and use C and nutrients, and we explain how these traits directly influ ...
... been successfully used to identify how resource imbalances affect basic physiological processes (Frost et al., 2005). In the following sections, we describe different strategies utilized by autotrophs and heterotrophs to acquire and use C and nutrients, and we explain how these traits directly influ ...
Diversification in a fluctuating island setting
... 2000). Instead, Ohomopterus represents a radiation driven by differentiation in mating traits (genital morphology and body size) due to local adaptation and sexual selection. Thus, studies of Ohomopterus will contribute to our understanding of various adaptive radiation pathways. In this paper, we g ...
... 2000). Instead, Ohomopterus represents a radiation driven by differentiation in mating traits (genital morphology and body size) due to local adaptation and sexual selection. Thus, studies of Ohomopterus will contribute to our understanding of various adaptive radiation pathways. In this paper, we g ...
Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator
... and open ocean systems, suggests that large sharks (primarily in the tropics and subtropics) and marine mammals (in temperate and subpolar areas) are the most commonly identified keystone species groups, each with a top rank in 18% of cases [60]. Although these models have proven very useful for the ...
... and open ocean systems, suggests that large sharks (primarily in the tropics and subtropics) and marine mammals (in temperate and subpolar areas) are the most commonly identified keystone species groups, each with a top rank in 18% of cases [60]. Although these models have proven very useful for the ...
13.1 How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve? Fossil discoveries
... Mutations are not goal directed. • Whether a change from a mutation is helpful or harmful or neutral depends on environmental conditions over which the organism has little or no control. • The mutation provides a potential for evolutionary change. • Other processes, especially natural selection, m ...
... Mutations are not goal directed. • Whether a change from a mutation is helpful or harmful or neutral depends on environmental conditions over which the organism has little or no control. • The mutation provides a potential for evolutionary change. • Other processes, especially natural selection, m ...
The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in
... urban development, and conversion to agriculture) can exacerbate the loss of native species through habitat destruction or alteration and the introduction of invasive species. Although plant species richness is higher in the herbaceous layer than in any other forest stratum, discussions of threats t ...
... urban development, and conversion to agriculture) can exacerbate the loss of native species through habitat destruction or alteration and the introduction of invasive species. Although plant species richness is higher in the herbaceous layer than in any other forest stratum, discussions of threats t ...
current status and future challenges
... sources, such as upwards along a mountain road. Thus, even if some non-native species are able to rapidly reach high elevations along transport networks, their distribution will tend to be dispersal limited at local scales (Seipel et al. 2016). ...
... sources, such as upwards along a mountain road. Thus, even if some non-native species are able to rapidly reach high elevations along transport networks, their distribution will tend to be dispersal limited at local scales (Seipel et al. 2016). ...
Predicting ecological consequences of marine top predator declines
... and open ocean systems, suggests that large sharks (primarily in the tropics and subtropics) and marine mammals (in temperate and subpolar areas) are the most commonly identified keystone species groups, each with a top rank in 18% of cases [60]. Although these models have proven very useful for the ...
... and open ocean systems, suggests that large sharks (primarily in the tropics and subtropics) and marine mammals (in temperate and subpolar areas) are the most commonly identified keystone species groups, each with a top rank in 18% of cases [60]. Although these models have proven very useful for the ...
Restoration in the Rainshadow - SER
... plant removal programs, specifically “broom bashes” and “ivy pulls.” There have been noteworthy strides in native plant rescue, but nurseries specializing in native plants have remained unsuccessful in this region. More sophisticated restoration programs and science-based recovery organizations, suc ...
... plant removal programs, specifically “broom bashes” and “ivy pulls.” There have been noteworthy strides in native plant rescue, but nurseries specializing in native plants have remained unsuccessful in this region. More sophisticated restoration programs and science-based recovery organizations, suc ...
Red in tooth and claw: how top predators shape terrestrial ecosystems
... lynx-fox-hare system. In unproductive systems, where foxes and hares have naturally low abundances, a smaller population of lynx will be needed to enforce control of foxes. This will be achieved earlier in the process of population growth. Thus, Elmhagen et al. find that in the unproductive northeast ...
... lynx-fox-hare system. In unproductive systems, where foxes and hares have naturally low abundances, a smaller population of lynx will be needed to enforce control of foxes. This will be achieved earlier in the process of population growth. Thus, Elmhagen et al. find that in the unproductive northeast ...
File - Science Source
... this most likely have on the great horned owl? a. It would become extinct b. There would be little effect on its population. c. Its population would move to a new habitat. d. Its population would decrease and then reach a natural balance. 7. The increasing human population has caused which of the fo ...
... this most likely have on the great horned owl? a. It would become extinct b. There would be little effect on its population. c. Its population would move to a new habitat. d. Its population would decrease and then reach a natural balance. 7. The increasing human population has caused which of the fo ...
Root competition can cause a decline in diversity with increased
... (Note that these treatments manipulate all interspecific interactions, so that facilitative as well as competitive effects are possible, and that plants in all treatments experience intraspecific interactions. However, the hypotheses we test and our experiment focus on the effects of interspecific c ...
... (Note that these treatments manipulate all interspecific interactions, so that facilitative as well as competitive effects are possible, and that plants in all treatments experience intraspecific interactions. However, the hypotheses we test and our experiment focus on the effects of interspecific c ...
TISSIER-THESIS - eCommons@USASK
... multidimensional scaling ordination, and examined their associations with different environmental conditions and plant traits. Multivariate analyses indicated a strong relationship between community composition and distance from shore. Slope was the most important variable affecting whether a plot h ...
... multidimensional scaling ordination, and examined their associations with different environmental conditions and plant traits. Multivariate analyses indicated a strong relationship between community composition and distance from shore. Slope was the most important variable affecting whether a plot h ...
Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size
... infection by a single natural enemy (usually a larval stage for parasitoids) necessarily takes victim fitness to zero. Several unrelated lineages have independently evolved this life history (Boxes 1,2). This dichotomy, which separates parasitoids from parasites, also cleaves predation into two life ...
... infection by a single natural enemy (usually a larval stage for parasitoids) necessarily takes victim fitness to zero. Several unrelated lineages have independently evolved this life history (Boxes 1,2). This dichotomy, which separates parasitoids from parasites, also cleaves predation into two life ...
The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for
... in plants), and predators cannot process all of the prey (e.g. parasitoid larvae do not consume the entire biomass of their host). The resource assimilation efficiency is an important characteristic for indirect trophic interactions between scavengers and their resources. Finally, it is also a chara ...
... in plants), and predators cannot process all of the prey (e.g. parasitoid larvae do not consume the entire biomass of their host). The resource assimilation efficiency is an important characteristic for indirect trophic interactions between scavengers and their resources. Finally, it is also a chara ...
The ecology of restoration: historical links, emerging issues and
... majority of authors agree with definitions of assembly theory as Ôthe explicit constraints that limit how assemblages are selected from a larger species poolÕ (Weiher & Keddy 1999), or Ôecological restriction on the observed patterns of species presence or abundanceÕ (Wilson & Gitay 1995). The major ...
... majority of authors agree with definitions of assembly theory as Ôthe explicit constraints that limit how assemblages are selected from a larger species poolÕ (Weiher & Keddy 1999), or Ôecological restriction on the observed patterns of species presence or abundanceÕ (Wilson & Gitay 1995). The major ...
The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for
... in plants), and predators cannot process all of the prey (e.g. parasitoid larvae do not consume the entire biomass of their host). The resource assimilation efficiency is an important characteristic for indirect trophic interactions between scavengers and their resources. Finally, it is also a chara ...
... in plants), and predators cannot process all of the prey (e.g. parasitoid larvae do not consume the entire biomass of their host). The resource assimilation efficiency is an important characteristic for indirect trophic interactions between scavengers and their resources. Finally, it is also a chara ...
Clonal growth and plant species abundance - Clo-Pla
... (see e.g. Westoby, 1998). However, the soft traits that have traditionally been used in examinations of trait – abundance relationships have not included any that represent the capacity for lateral spreading by clonal growth. This capacity is a key attribute for many perennial herbaceous plants (Kli ...
... (see e.g. Westoby, 1998). However, the soft traits that have traditionally been used in examinations of trait – abundance relationships have not included any that represent the capacity for lateral spreading by clonal growth. This capacity is a key attribute for many perennial herbaceous plants (Kli ...
10/4/06 version
... > "In bottomland forest in Oklahoma, Lodhi (1975, 1978) has > convincingly argued for a spectrum of allelopathic effects. > Observations of five major tree species present suggested > that Ulmus americana (elm) had the richest ground flora while > Celtis laevigata (Hackberry) had the poorest or even ...
... > "In bottomland forest in Oklahoma, Lodhi (1975, 1978) has > convincingly argued for a spectrum of allelopathic effects. > Observations of five major tree species present suggested > that Ulmus americana (elm) had the richest ground flora while > Celtis laevigata (Hackberry) had the poorest or even ...
Top predators affect the composition of naive protist communities
... et al. 1986) that allocate more energy to exploit resources and for defense (Pianka 1970; Foster and Tilman 2000; Pomati et al. 2013). The transition between these states can be explained by the displacement of small-bodied species by larger and more competitive ones (e.g., Wootton 1993; Foster and ...
... et al. 1986) that allocate more energy to exploit resources and for defense (Pianka 1970; Foster and Tilman 2000; Pomati et al. 2013). The transition between these states can be explained by the displacement of small-bodied species by larger and more competitive ones (e.g., Wootton 1993; Foster and ...
A Stoichiometric Model of Early Plant Primary Succession
... competition (Titus 2009), suggest that the change in community composition can be explained in terms of competition for nutrients and changes in nutrient availability, both of which are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors (Halvorson and Smith 2009). In addition, species differences in stoichiom ...
... competition (Titus 2009), suggest that the change in community composition can be explained in terms of competition for nutrients and changes in nutrient availability, both of which are influenced by biotic and abiotic factors (Halvorson and Smith 2009). In addition, species differences in stoichiom ...
YAMUNA BIODIVERSITY PARK, NEW DELHI
... This is made clearer in the case of Punjab. The state has lost all of its indigenous biodiversity; the local species being replaced by exotic weeds and agricultural monocultures. This has resulted in a loss of bird and animal diversity too. Agricultural monocultures are at risk as fields no longer s ...
... This is made clearer in the case of Punjab. The state has lost all of its indigenous biodiversity; the local species being replaced by exotic weeds and agricultural monocultures. This has resulted in a loss of bird and animal diversity too. Agricultural monocultures are at risk as fields no longer s ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.