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The challenge posed by newly discovered cryptic species
... The use of molecular techniques in the study of the genetic variation within taxonomic groups has resulted in the recognition of many cryptic species – that is, species that were originally not distinguished from others owing to high morphological similarity (Bickford et al., 2007), contributing to ...
... The use of molecular techniques in the study of the genetic variation within taxonomic groups has resulted in the recognition of many cryptic species – that is, species that were originally not distinguished from others owing to high morphological similarity (Bickford et al., 2007), contributing to ...
Unit Description and Student Understandings
... Can students describe how accountability toward the environment affects sustainability? ...
... Can students describe how accountability toward the environment affects sustainability? ...
Species evenness and invasion resistance of
... five species from five different functional groups. Certainly, the presence vs absence of species and/or functional groups achieved via manipulations of richness might be expected to have stronger effects on niche complementarity and associated drawdown in resource use than would variation in the ab ...
... five species from five different functional groups. Certainly, the presence vs absence of species and/or functional groups achieved via manipulations of richness might be expected to have stronger effects on niche complementarity and associated drawdown in resource use than would variation in the ab ...
BIOLOGICAL WEED CONTROL VIA NUTRIENT COMPETITION: POTASSIUM LIMITATION OF DANDELIONS E A. T
... observations in Minnesota lawns. Two different methods of data classification were used for generating mean plant abundances in response to treatments, and for ANOVAs. For the first, all plots were classified as receiving or not receiving K, as receiving or not receiving lime, as receiving or not re ...
... observations in Minnesota lawns. Two different methods of data classification were used for generating mean plant abundances in response to treatments, and for ANOVAs. For the first, all plots were classified as receiving or not receiving K, as receiving or not receiving lime, as receiving or not re ...
Alternative stable states and regional community structure
... previous occupant reduced resource levels below what is required for invasion by another species. Thus, species may alter the local environment in ways that favor later colonization by conspecifics. To consider the dynamics of such a system, we modified Model 1 to include a latency period after a spec ...
... previous occupant reduced resource levels below what is required for invasion by another species. Thus, species may alter the local environment in ways that favor later colonization by conspecifics. To consider the dynamics of such a system, we modified Model 1 to include a latency period after a spec ...
Biodiversity and Species Extinctions in Model Food Webs Charlotte Borrvall
... belonging of the species going extinct) are here shown to be affected by which species that initially is lost from the community. In particular, secondary extinctions resulting from initial deletion of top predators occur much faster compared with extinctions following deletion of species from other ...
... belonging of the species going extinct) are here shown to be affected by which species that initially is lost from the community. In particular, secondary extinctions resulting from initial deletion of top predators occur much faster compared with extinctions following deletion of species from other ...
file - Conservation Gateway
... • Relating key attributes to size/condition/landscape context – Each key attribute can be assigned to S, C, or LC, but don’t get too bogged down in figuring out which one • Ratings based on “the best that is left” – Ratings should be based on “objective” standards for long-term persistence not on fe ...
... • Relating key attributes to size/condition/landscape context – Each key attribute can be assigned to S, C, or LC, but don’t get too bogged down in figuring out which one • Ratings based on “the best that is left” – Ratings should be based on “objective” standards for long-term persistence not on fe ...
Local diversity reduces infection risk across multiple
... of a single extra organism at a time on parasite transmission, and they have been performed under artificial conditions in aquaria or small mesocosms consisting of highly simplified communities. Here, we use field data from multiple host–parasite associations from an extensive sampling of the entire ...
... of a single extra organism at a time on parasite transmission, and they have been performed under artificial conditions in aquaria or small mesocosms consisting of highly simplified communities. Here, we use field data from multiple host–parasite associations from an extensive sampling of the entire ...
Analyzing ecological networks of species interactions
... 2011; Kéfi et al. 2012), which allows greater ecological realism in representating communities having several types of interactions (e.g., plants are consumed by herbivores, but also pollinated by insects). Such networks are instances of multigraphs. Another development accounts for the fact that ec ...
... 2011; Kéfi et al. 2012), which allows greater ecological realism in representating communities having several types of interactions (e.g., plants are consumed by herbivores, but also pollinated by insects). Such networks are instances of multigraphs. Another development accounts for the fact that ec ...
Existence and construction of large stable food webs
... Conditions for stability —A sufficient criterion for dynamical stability is the existence of a Lyapunov function [24, 30]. Assume ...
... Conditions for stability —A sufficient criterion for dynamical stability is the existence of a Lyapunov function [24, 30]. Assume ...
species diversity modulates predation
... and how non-prey species modify consumption rates of a predator. We first observed the functional response of the predatory flatworm Stenostomum virginianum (hereafter referred to as predator or Stenostomum) on its ciliate prey Paramecium aurelia (hereafter prey or Paramecium) in the absence and prese ...
... and how non-prey species modify consumption rates of a predator. We first observed the functional response of the predatory flatworm Stenostomum virginianum (hereafter referred to as predator or Stenostomum) on its ciliate prey Paramecium aurelia (hereafter prey or Paramecium) in the absence and prese ...
Saving the World`s Terrestrial Megafauna - Research
... 8. S trive for increased awareness among the global public of the current megafauna crisis using traditional media as well as social media and other networking approaches. 9. S eek a new and comprehensive global commitment and framework for conserving megafauna. The international community shoul ...
... 8. S trive for increased awareness among the global public of the current megafauna crisis using traditional media as well as social media and other networking approaches. 9. S eek a new and comprehensive global commitment and framework for conserving megafauna. The international community shoul ...
Invasions: the trail behind, the path ahead, and a test
... Invasions: a review and a disturbing idea 119 coincide with predictions based on the differences between the climatic conditions in the species’ introduced vs. native ranges. It will also be interesting to determine whether evolutionary changes in introduced species tend to level off after a few ge ...
... Invasions: a review and a disturbing idea 119 coincide with predictions based on the differences between the climatic conditions in the species’ introduced vs. native ranges. It will also be interesting to determine whether evolutionary changes in introduced species tend to level off after a few ge ...
On the study of plant defence and herbivory using comparative
... traits in mediating species interactions. Although each of the three motivations discussed above (understanding the evolution of defence, predicting species interactions and testing trait function) utilise species-level correlations between traits and herbivory, their interpretation requires differe ...
... traits in mediating species interactions. Although each of the three motivations discussed above (understanding the evolution of defence, predicting species interactions and testing trait function) utilise species-level correlations between traits and herbivory, their interpretation requires differe ...
Free-feeding insect herbivores along environmental gradients in
... than are xeric habitats was not supported. The data indicate that plant sclerophylly may exert a strong negative influence on insect species richness, and that variation due to particular characteristics of each site strongly affected the studied guilds. The present results should inform conservatio ...
... than are xeric habitats was not supported. The data indicate that plant sclerophylly may exert a strong negative influence on insect species richness, and that variation due to particular characteristics of each site strongly affected the studied guilds. The present results should inform conservatio ...
The assembly of tropical tree communities the advances and
... assembly of communities is a favorite past time for ecologists. During the past century biologists have pondered and attempted to test whether non-random abiotic or biotic interactions or random events shape the composition of communities. For example, we routinely ask whether plant–soil or plant–pl ...
... assembly of communities is a favorite past time for ecologists. During the past century biologists have pondered and attempted to test whether non-random abiotic or biotic interactions or random events shape the composition of communities. For example, we routinely ask whether plant–soil or plant–pl ...
The Genotypic View of Social Interactions in Microbial Communities
... Here, we briefly review the foundational theory and definitions of sociobiology, which are covered extensively elsewhere (e.g., 27, 45, 96, 123, 156). Inclusive fitness theory focuses on a particular social phenotype—one that has fitness effects on others—and asks whether it is favored by natural select ...
... Here, we briefly review the foundational theory and definitions of sociobiology, which are covered extensively elsewhere (e.g., 27, 45, 96, 123, 156). Inclusive fitness theory focuses on a particular social phenotype—one that has fitness effects on others—and asks whether it is favored by natural select ...
Competitive Ability and Species Coexistence: A `Plant`s
... necessary to fully account for differences in fitness when resources are contested, they may all be necessary to define the intensity of natural selection resulting from competition. 'Intensity of competition' in this context therefore, is an experience of an individual and should not be confused wi ...
... necessary to fully account for differences in fitness when resources are contested, they may all be necessary to define the intensity of natural selection resulting from competition. 'Intensity of competition' in this context therefore, is an experience of an individual and should not be confused wi ...
Integrated Ecological- Economic Models
... of growth (in each other’s absence prey would grow and the predator decline exponentially), and b and c are rates of change due to the interactions.4 Growths of the species are density independent. The interaction between predator and prey, NP, is linear and called mass action, a notion borrowed fro ...
... of growth (in each other’s absence prey would grow and the predator decline exponentially), and b and c are rates of change due to the interactions.4 Growths of the species are density independent. The interaction between predator and prey, NP, is linear and called mass action, a notion borrowed fro ...
The number of competitor species is unlinked to sexual dimorphism
... Meiri, Simberloff & Dayan 2011), canines are often fractured, broken or missing altogether from museum specimens (SM, personal observation), and the use of carnassials thus allows us to increase sample sizes. To make sure that our choice of morphological parameter does not influence the results of o ...
... Meiri, Simberloff & Dayan 2011), canines are often fractured, broken or missing altogether from museum specimens (SM, personal observation), and the use of carnassials thus allows us to increase sample sizes. To make sure that our choice of morphological parameter does not influence the results of o ...
ecosystem development
... Resilience is a feature of a mature ecosystem which allows it to return to its function following a severe but irregular perturbation such as a major drought, flood or fire. When such a perturbation becomes a regular event, an ecosystem may be maintained at an intermediate stage of development which ...
... Resilience is a feature of a mature ecosystem which allows it to return to its function following a severe but irregular perturbation such as a major drought, flood or fire. When such a perturbation becomes a regular event, an ecosystem may be maintained at an intermediate stage of development which ...
Null Models in Ecology
... been made at the grossest level and have not identified the species responsible for the patterns observed. Islands that differ in species composition may contain different habitats (104). Searching for such correlates would be a necessary second stage of any analysis; competition could only be infer ...
... been made at the grossest level and have not identified the species responsible for the patterns observed. Islands that differ in species composition may contain different habitats (104). Searching for such correlates would be a necessary second stage of any analysis; competition could only be infer ...
Niche partitioning in a sympatric cryptic species complex
... and forage use. We also estimated niche region and niche overlap between different castes of the three species. Our results show varying levels of niche partitioning between the bumblebee species along three niche dimensions. The species had contrasting phenologies: The phenology of B. magnus was de ...
... and forage use. We also estimated niche region and niche overlap between different castes of the three species. Our results show varying levels of niche partitioning between the bumblebee species along three niche dimensions. The species had contrasting phenologies: The phenology of B. magnus was de ...
Publishers_version
... Both estimates of profit and energy efficiency were higher when including biological interactions in the simulations. This is due to different size compositions (larger individuals) and a change in the landing composition compared to baseline simulations. Inclusion of the biological interactions did ...
... Both estimates of profit and energy efficiency were higher when including biological interactions in the simulations. This is due to different size compositions (larger individuals) and a change in the landing composition compared to baseline simulations. Inclusion of the biological interactions did ...
Ecological fitting
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Colorado_potato_beetle.jpg?width=300)
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.