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The effect of historical legacy on adaptation: do closely related
... Mitchell 1987). In proteas, long tap roots are needed to reach the water table (Richards et ...
... Mitchell 1987). In proteas, long tap roots are needed to reach the water table (Richards et ...
Herbivore diet breadth mediates the cascading effects of carnivores
... experimental tests have been limited in several regards. Comparative tests using multiple herbivore species in the same community show reduced attack rates by predators on dietary specialist vs. generalist species (e.g., refs. 20 and 22–24). These studies typically do not account for phylogenetic no ...
... experimental tests have been limited in several regards. Comparative tests using multiple herbivore species in the same community show reduced attack rates by predators on dietary specialist vs. generalist species (e.g., refs. 20 and 22–24). These studies typically do not account for phylogenetic no ...
Assessing the health of European rivers using
... is often retained in classification schemes. The same problems hold true for other categories. Difficulties in classification also arise with fish species that change their trophic status over the course of their lives, which link to ontogenetic niche shifts, change in habitat preference/occupancy and c ...
... is often retained in classification schemes. The same problems hold true for other categories. Difficulties in classification also arise with fish species that change their trophic status over the course of their lives, which link to ontogenetic niche shifts, change in habitat preference/occupancy and c ...
Elizabeth K. Seifert, James D. Bever and John L. Maron. 2009
... Wolfe 2004, Maron et al. 2004a). The evolutionary response of exotic plants to changes in their mutualist assemblage has received considerably less attention, despite the importance of mutualists to pollination, dispersal, and nutrient acquisition (Richardson et al. 2000). The fact that some plant g ...
... Wolfe 2004, Maron et al. 2004a). The evolutionary response of exotic plants to changes in their mutualist assemblage has received considerably less attention, despite the importance of mutualists to pollination, dispersal, and nutrient acquisition (Richardson et al. 2000). The fact that some plant g ...
Why behavioural responses may not reflect the
... disturbance aect demographic parameters such as survival and reproductive success. This will also require an understanding of the strength of density-dependence within a system, in order to determine whether changes in survival or fecundity will have any impact on overall population size. Field est ...
... disturbance aect demographic parameters such as survival and reproductive success. This will also require an understanding of the strength of density-dependence within a system, in order to determine whether changes in survival or fecundity will have any impact on overall population size. Field est ...
A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, "a
... providing food or shelter for animal pests such as seed-eating birds and Tephritid fruit flies that otherwise could hardly survive seasonal shortages;[12] offering irritation to the skin or digestive tracts of people or animals, either physical irritation via thorns, prickles, or burs, or chemical i ...
... providing food or shelter for animal pests such as seed-eating birds and Tephritid fruit flies that otherwise could hardly survive seasonal shortages;[12] offering irritation to the skin or digestive tracts of people or animals, either physical irritation via thorns, prickles, or burs, or chemical i ...
The Balance of Nature: What Is It and Why Care?
... tially restricted laboratory universes, these mini-ecosystems often fail rapidly after a few violent oscillations in population dynamics. In aquatic microcosms these spatially simplified worlds almost always end up dominated by bacteria. This experimental result may speak to the notion that ecologica ...
... tially restricted laboratory universes, these mini-ecosystems often fail rapidly after a few violent oscillations in population dynamics. In aquatic microcosms these spatially simplified worlds almost always end up dominated by bacteria. This experimental result may speak to the notion that ecologica ...
Effects of Habitat-Forming Species Richness, Evenness, Identity
... marked by a high abundance, richness, and evenness (equal abundance) of HFS should support a more diverse assemblage of associated species. Primary productivity of the whole community, as an ecosystem function, could also be influenced by changes in richness [39], evenness [40], identity [41], and a ...
... marked by a high abundance, richness, and evenness (equal abundance) of HFS should support a more diverse assemblage of associated species. Primary productivity of the whole community, as an ecosystem function, could also be influenced by changes in richness [39], evenness [40], identity [41], and a ...
View or download Discussion and literature cited
... flowering and fruiting were occurring or beginning to occur. Two of the three prescribed planted populations were established for these species. A greater degree of stabilization can be achieved for these species by establishing additional populations. In any case, HPPRCC standards should be regarde ...
... flowering and fruiting were occurring or beginning to occur. Two of the three prescribed planted populations were established for these species. A greater degree of stabilization can be achieved for these species by establishing additional populations. In any case, HPPRCC standards should be regarde ...
species diversity and community structure in forest fragments
... (Honnay et al. 1999). However, the influence of human disturbance has generally not been the focus in fragmentation studies (Hobbs & Yates 2003). Thus, whether or not relatively small forest fragments are particularly vulnerable to ongoing anthropogenic disturbances is still not well understood (Ech ...
... (Honnay et al. 1999). However, the influence of human disturbance has generally not been the focus in fragmentation studies (Hobbs & Yates 2003). Thus, whether or not relatively small forest fragments are particularly vulnerable to ongoing anthropogenic disturbances is still not well understood (Ech ...
33. Feral goat removal to restore habitat quality within Malleefowl
... harvest of broombush (Melaleuca uncinata). Fire has also been listed as a primary threat because of its potential to destroy vast areas of mallee habitat in single events that can then take 30 to 60 years to recover to a state suitable for Malleefowl. The third threat is that of grazing by both fera ...
... harvest of broombush (Melaleuca uncinata). Fire has also been listed as a primary threat because of its potential to destroy vast areas of mallee habitat in single events that can then take 30 to 60 years to recover to a state suitable for Malleefowl. The third threat is that of grazing by both fera ...
Mutualism or cooperation among competitors promotes coexistence
... For two species competing (or partially competing) for resources, it is generally believed that the presence of one species should affect negatively on the other. In fact, positive interaction also exists among competing species. For example, the leguminous plants compete for light, CO2 , water, min ...
... For two species competing (or partially competing) for resources, it is generally believed that the presence of one species should affect negatively on the other. In fact, positive interaction also exists among competing species. For example, the leguminous plants compete for light, CO2 , water, min ...
Mammals on mountainsides: elevational patterns of diversity
... 1972; Brown, 1988; Rosenzweig, 1992, 1995; Brown & Lomolino, 1998), deterministic patterns of geographical variation in abundance, distribution and diversity must ultimately be explained by geographical variation in the earth’s environment. Past environmental changes, especially in climate and geolo ...
... 1972; Brown, 1988; Rosenzweig, 1992, 1995; Brown & Lomolino, 1998), deterministic patterns of geographical variation in abundance, distribution and diversity must ultimately be explained by geographical variation in the earth’s environment. Past environmental changes, especially in climate and geolo ...
- Journal of Rangeland Science
... in all sites and then took less slope and after increasing of plot numbers, it became a constant form. However, these curves showed another reality which is along with increasing of the number of plots, the species diversity and richness will be reached to the highest (>4) in the long-term exclosure ...
... in all sites and then took less slope and after increasing of plot numbers, it became a constant form. However, these curves showed another reality which is along with increasing of the number of plots, the species diversity and richness will be reached to the highest (>4) in the long-term exclosure ...
species - West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District
... a species rather than the separateness of different species The morphological species concept defines a species by structural features It applies to sexual and asexual species but relies ...
... a species rather than the separateness of different species The morphological species concept defines a species by structural features It applies to sexual and asexual species but relies ...
The Cryptic Bombus lucorum Complex
... for B. magnus could be found. B. lucorum and B. cryptarum co-occur in 13 of 18 study areas, in the remaining five areas only B. lucorum was found. B. lucorum is by far the most common species, followed by B. cryptarum with 86 specimens. B. lucorum was more abundant in the majority of study areas, on ...
... for B. magnus could be found. B. lucorum and B. cryptarum co-occur in 13 of 18 study areas, in the remaining five areas only B. lucorum was found. B. lucorum is by far the most common species, followed by B. cryptarum with 86 specimens. B. lucorum was more abundant in the majority of study areas, on ...
Larsen et al (2005) Ecol Letters pdf
... and effect traits are independent, the order of species loss from communities will be random with respect to functional importance. However, a correlation between these traits can modify the relationship between richness and ecosystem function. Based on these observations, we developed a conceptual ...
... and effect traits are independent, the order of species loss from communities will be random with respect to functional importance. However, a correlation between these traits can modify the relationship between richness and ecosystem function. Based on these observations, we developed a conceptual ...
Immigration and the Maintenance of Local Species Diversity
... poorly developed. In the classical regional-scale models of island biogeography or metapopulation theory (Levins 1969, 1970), local dynamics are not considered, while in the local-scale models of interspecific competition, regional processes are not taken into account. Here we present a very simple ...
... poorly developed. In the classical regional-scale models of island biogeography or metapopulation theory (Levins 1969, 1970), local dynamics are not considered, while in the local-scale models of interspecific competition, regional processes are not taken into account. Here we present a very simple ...
Niches and Community Interactions
... The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional needs from the host organism. • Generally, parasites weaken but do not kill their host, which is usually larger than the parasite. ...
... The parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional needs from the host organism. • Generally, parasites weaken but do not kill their host, which is usually larger than the parasite. ...
Can the invasive European rabbit (Oryctolagus
... Alterations to the soil-surface by ecosystem engineers in arid systems may have relatively large effects on plant communities, as these systems are limited by water and nutrients, which generally travel through overland flow. Rabbits, bilbies and bettongs all construct pits on the soil surface while ...
... Alterations to the soil-surface by ecosystem engineers in arid systems may have relatively large effects on plant communities, as these systems are limited by water and nutrients, which generally travel through overland flow. Rabbits, bilbies and bettongs all construct pits on the soil surface while ...
Extinction order and altered community structure
... and effect traits are independent, the order of species loss from communities will be random with respect to functional importance. However, a correlation between these traits can modify the relationship between richness and ecosystem function. Based on these observations, we developed a conceptual ...
... and effect traits are independent, the order of species loss from communities will be random with respect to functional importance. However, a correlation between these traits can modify the relationship between richness and ecosystem function. Based on these observations, we developed a conceptual ...
Plant species traits and capacity for resource reduction predict yield
... of N-limited plant species to test empirically whether the R* values of competing species are correlated with their abundance, not in pairwise interactions, but in interactions among numerous species. Following the theory of Tilman (1982) and the experiments of Tilman & Wedin (1991a, 1991b), we meas ...
... of N-limited plant species to test empirically whether the R* values of competing species are correlated with their abundance, not in pairwise interactions, but in interactions among numerous species. Following the theory of Tilman (1982) and the experiments of Tilman & Wedin (1991a, 1991b), we meas ...
Ground Ant Diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the
... terrestrial ecosystems in terms of biomass and diversity, playing an essential role in their function (Hölldobler and Wilson 1990). They are also useful indicators in monitoring programs and natural areas restoration efforts because of their fast response to changes in habitat quality, their abunda ...
... terrestrial ecosystems in terms of biomass and diversity, playing an essential role in their function (Hölldobler and Wilson 1990). They are also useful indicators in monitoring programs and natural areas restoration efforts because of their fast response to changes in habitat quality, their abunda ...
Maintaining a landscape that facilitates range shifts for terrestrial
... experienced across the species range (Davis and Shaw 2001). Such genetic differences at the population level may facilitate rapid adaptation as a way of responding to climate changes. The other way that species may respond to climate changes is that 3) populations and species shift their distributio ...
... experienced across the species range (Davis and Shaw 2001). Such genetic differences at the population level may facilitate rapid adaptation as a way of responding to climate changes. The other way that species may respond to climate changes is that 3) populations and species shift their distributio ...
Effects of environmental change on zoonotic disease risk: an
... BAM diagram: a Venn diagram in which the interactions among the Biotic niche, the Abiotic niche, and the Mobility are expressed. This diagram has profound implications for distributional ecology, but it summarises the zones where populations of an organism can have positive turnover, where the relat ...
... BAM diagram: a Venn diagram in which the interactions among the Biotic niche, the Abiotic niche, and the Mobility are expressed. This diagram has profound implications for distributional ecology, but it summarises the zones where populations of an organism can have positive turnover, where the relat ...
Introduced species
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Melilotus_alba_bgiu.jpg?width=300)
An introduced, alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are called invasive species. Some have a negative effect on a local ecosystem. Some introduced species may have no negative effect or only minor impact. Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests. They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown. A list of some introduced species is given in a separate article.The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists, governments, farmers and others.