Reward-Related Responses in the Human Striatum
... ventral striatum was observed during delivery of rewards and punishments in the card-guessing game, the intensity of the fMRI signal was higher in the dorsal striatum, predominantly the head of the caudate nucleus.36 This was a slightly surprising finding—in contrast with research in animals, which ...
... ventral striatum was observed during delivery of rewards and punishments in the card-guessing game, the intensity of the fMRI signal was higher in the dorsal striatum, predominantly the head of the caudate nucleus.36 This was a slightly surprising finding—in contrast with research in animals, which ...
Reward loss and addiction: Opportunities for cross
... components of the neural circuitry underlying reward loss and addiction, and (2) recent advances in reward loss research related to four items, namely, a hypothesis of the neural circuitry underlying reward devaluation, genetic vulnerability for addiction and reward history, drugs and competing natu ...
... components of the neural circuitry underlying reward loss and addiction, and (2) recent advances in reward loss research related to four items, namely, a hypothesis of the neural circuitry underlying reward devaluation, genetic vulnerability for addiction and reward history, drugs and competing natu ...
Contextual Modulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons
... Standard behavioral, physiological, and histological procedures were employed as described in detail previously (Handel and Glimcher 1999a). All procedures and protocols were designed in association with the University Veterinarian, approved by the New York University Animal care and use committee, ...
... Standard behavioral, physiological, and histological procedures were employed as described in detail previously (Handel and Glimcher 1999a). All procedures and protocols were designed in association with the University Veterinarian, approved by the New York University Animal care and use committee, ...
Alcohol
... folate abs, & hemolysis. Thrombocytopenia & prolong bleeding times; suppressing platelet formation Alc can diminish ! production of Vit-K dependent clotting factors; hepatotoxicity. ...
... folate abs, & hemolysis. Thrombocytopenia & prolong bleeding times; suppressing platelet formation Alc can diminish ! production of Vit-K dependent clotting factors; hepatotoxicity. ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Oestradiol Negative and
... remains constant and the only variable comprises the time of day. This replicates to some extent the sustained elevation in oestradiol at the end of the follicular phase, when the neural response switches from negative to positive, and provides a basis for understanding how neurobiological processes ...
... remains constant and the only variable comprises the time of day. This replicates to some extent the sustained elevation in oestradiol at the end of the follicular phase, when the neural response switches from negative to positive, and provides a basis for understanding how neurobiological processes ...
Effect of Tactile Inputs on Thalamic Responses to Noxious
... been ample evidence to show that viscerosomatic convergence is a common phenomenon in this pathway (Foreman 1977, 1984; Gokin et al. 1977; Hancock et al. 1970, 1973, 1975; Ness and Gebhart 1991a,b; Selzer and Spencer 1969a,b; for review, see Gebhart and Ness 1991). Recent studies, however, have foun ...
... been ample evidence to show that viscerosomatic convergence is a common phenomenon in this pathway (Foreman 1977, 1984; Gokin et al. 1977; Hancock et al. 1970, 1973, 1975; Ness and Gebhart 1991a,b; Selzer and Spencer 1969a,b; for review, see Gebhart and Ness 1991). Recent studies, however, have foun ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
... clearly excluded the Chaetognatha from the Deuterostomia in an analysis based on 18S rDNA sequence. In a study also based on 18S rDNA, Telford and Holland [41] proposed a most likely position of the chaetognaths as descendants from an early metazoan branch possibly originating prior to the radiation ...
... clearly excluded the Chaetognatha from the Deuterostomia in an analysis based on 18S rDNA sequence. In a study also based on 18S rDNA, Telford and Holland [41] proposed a most likely position of the chaetognaths as descendants from an early metazoan branch possibly originating prior to the radiation ...
Distribution bias analysis of germline and somatic single
... differs between germline and somatic mutations as well as between synonymous and non-synonymous mutations. From a total of 51,138 protein functional site affecting SNVs (pfsSNVs), a pan-cancer analysis revealed 142 somatic pfsSNVs in five or more cancer types. By leveraging patient information for s ...
... differs between germline and somatic mutations as well as between synonymous and non-synonymous mutations. From a total of 51,138 protein functional site affecting SNVs (pfsSNVs), a pan-cancer analysis revealed 142 somatic pfsSNVs in five or more cancer types. By leveraging patient information for s ...
Regulation of thalamocortical axon branching by BDNF and synaptic vesicle cycling
... During development, axons form elaborate arbors to make synaptic contacts with their target cells. Neurotrophins, such as brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have been shown to regulate axon branching in the developing brain (Cohen et al., 1954; Vicario-Abejón et al., 1998; Cohen-Cory, 1999; Ma ...
... During development, axons form elaborate arbors to make synaptic contacts with their target cells. Neurotrophins, such as brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have been shown to regulate axon branching in the developing brain (Cohen et al., 1954; Vicario-Abejón et al., 1998; Cohen-Cory, 1999; Ma ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
... Schmolesky et al., 1998). For comparing stimulus-related responses, we determined the mean activity in the interval 65 msec around the peak of neuronal activation in a time window from 70 to 140 msec after stimulus appearance, and the prestimulus activation in the interval 40 –50 msec after stimulus ...
Encoding of Movement Fragments in the Motor Cortex
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
... Figure 1. Evidence for trajectory encoding in the motor cortex. A, Temporal evolution of preferred directions (in 50 ms bins) for four MI neurons relative to movement onset computed in an instructed-delay center-out task to one of eight targets. B, Left, Example of a single successful behavioral tri ...
Serotonin and dopamine differentially affect
... relates to aversive PIT. On the one hand, it has been suggested that dopamine is particularly involved in appetitive motivation and reinforcement (Schultz 2007a). According to this view, only appetitive, but not aversive PIT should be affected by dopamine. Others have ascribed dopamine a more genera ...
... relates to aversive PIT. On the one hand, it has been suggested that dopamine is particularly involved in appetitive motivation and reinforcement (Schultz 2007a). According to this view, only appetitive, but not aversive PIT should be affected by dopamine. Others have ascribed dopamine a more genera ...
12-4 Membrane Potential
... • Two major efferent systems 1. Somatic nervous system (SNS) • Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles ...
... • Two major efferent systems 1. Somatic nervous system (SNS) • Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles ...
The functional role of GABA and glycine in monaural and binaural
... the auditory system are very likely based on neuronal networks using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine as transmitters. Each brainstem auditory nucleus contains a typical profile of neurons immunoreactive for either GABA or glycine. These putatively inhibitory cells may encompass local inter ...
... the auditory system are very likely based on neuronal networks using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine as transmitters. Each brainstem auditory nucleus contains a typical profile of neurons immunoreactive for either GABA or glycine. These putatively inhibitory cells may encompass local inter ...
Neural Marker Antibodies Epitope Tag Antibodies
... and Gamma--secretases. Both forms of Beta--amyloid peptide are rather insoluble and tend to self-aggregate into distinctive extracellular “plaques.” These plaques are evident in brains from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, as well as in brains from individuals with a history of traumatic head inju ...
... and Gamma--secretases. Both forms of Beta--amyloid peptide are rather insoluble and tend to self-aggregate into distinctive extracellular “plaques.” These plaques are evident in brains from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, as well as in brains from individuals with a history of traumatic head inju ...
Hepatic but Not CNS-Expressed Human C
... promotes inflammatory and immune processes via activation or inhibition of complement or by engagement of various Fc receptors [2, 3]. Growing evidence indicates that bloodborne CRP can cross the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers, and thus CRP can be found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [ ...
... promotes inflammatory and immune processes via activation or inhibition of complement or by engagement of various Fc receptors [2, 3]. Growing evidence indicates that bloodborne CRP can cross the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers, and thus CRP can be found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [ ...
FREE Sample Here
... a) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse. Correct. Neurotransmitters are chemicals. b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system. c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane. Incorrect. The neurotransmi ...
... a) a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse. Correct. Neurotransmitters are chemicals. b) any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system. c) the chemical substance found in the cell membrane. Incorrect. The neurotransmi ...
PDF Document
... (ASICs), are widely expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system. We hypothesized that activation of ASICs requires the formation of local pockets or “microdomains” of decreased pH as there is evidence that this may occur physiologically at synapses38, where ASICs are concentrated and have ...
... (ASICs), are widely expressed in the peripheral and central nervous system. We hypothesized that activation of ASICs requires the formation of local pockets or “microdomains” of decreased pH as there is evidence that this may occur physiologically at synapses38, where ASICs are concentrated and have ...
the human entorhinal cortex
... The human entorhinal cortex is located in the ventromedial portion of the temporal lobe and consists of eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory s ...
... The human entorhinal cortex is located in the ventromedial portion of the temporal lobe and consists of eight subfields. It has reciprocal connections with the hippocampus and various other cortical and subcortical structures, and thus forms an integral component of the medial temporal lobe memory s ...
Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5, and 8Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom ...
... Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5, and 8Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom ...
Mirror neuron functioning: an explanation for
... Research as described above does makes it likely to believe that humans are in the possession of a system resembling to the one found in monkeys. However, a recent article by Turella and colleagues (2007) argues that from the great range of research on the topic of mirror neurons in humans, due to i ...
... Research as described above does makes it likely to believe that humans are in the possession of a system resembling to the one found in monkeys. However, a recent article by Turella and colleagues (2007) argues that from the great range of research on the topic of mirror neurons in humans, due to i ...
Cerebellar Unit Activity and the Movement Disruption Induced by
... both structures during spontaneous reaching, low frequency electrical stimulation (0.1 ms, 5 to 20 V, 0.2 Hz), and reach-triggered electrical stimulation. With the electrodes used, the stimulus current ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 mA. Extension of the forepaw into the feeder was detected with a photoelect ...
... both structures during spontaneous reaching, low frequency electrical stimulation (0.1 ms, 5 to 20 V, 0.2 Hz), and reach-triggered electrical stimulation. With the electrodes used, the stimulus current ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 mA. Extension of the forepaw into the feeder was detected with a photoelect ...
... receptor (p75 ), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF) superfamily. Neurotrophins are under current investigation for their involvement in physiological and pathological conditions. Previously published literature points them out as promising therapeutic agents. In this thesis, an imm ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.