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The relation of emotions to placebo responses
... more frequently in the future, termed positive reinforcement [37]. The pleasant stimulus produced by the behaviour is called a ‘reinforcer’, and is any stimulus that the organism will behave in a way to obtain. Typical primary reinforcers are food, sex and drugs of abuse. Similarly, negative reinfor ...
... more frequently in the future, termed positive reinforcement [37]. The pleasant stimulus produced by the behaviour is called a ‘reinforcer’, and is any stimulus that the organism will behave in a way to obtain. Typical primary reinforcers are food, sex and drugs of abuse. Similarly, negative reinfor ...
Proton NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for brain
... obtained for this field strength. Additionally, spectra for all metabolites were generated for 4.0 T, using a relatively narrow line width in comparison to that observed in vivo, in order to illustrate their spectral patterns. This field strength was chosen to provide a simpler spectrum, in light of ...
... obtained for this field strength. Additionally, spectra for all metabolites were generated for 4.0 T, using a relatively narrow line width in comparison to that observed in vivo, in order to illustrate their spectral patterns. This field strength was chosen to provide a simpler spectrum, in light of ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... have shown that the cortex reorganizes its effective local connections and responses following peripheral or central alterations of inputs and in response to behavior. This capacity for reorganization at least partly accounts for certain forms of perceptual and motor learning. Currently, considerabl ...
... have shown that the cortex reorganizes its effective local connections and responses following peripheral or central alterations of inputs and in response to behavior. This capacity for reorganization at least partly accounts for certain forms of perceptual and motor learning. Currently, considerabl ...
The relation of emotions to placebo responses
... more frequently in the future, termed positive reinforcement [37]. The pleasant stimulus produced by the behaviour is called a ‘reinforcer’, and is any stimulus that the organism will behave in a way to obtain. Typical primary reinforcers are food, sex and drugs of abuse. Similarly, negative reinfor ...
... more frequently in the future, termed positive reinforcement [37]. The pleasant stimulus produced by the behaviour is called a ‘reinforcer’, and is any stimulus that the organism will behave in a way to obtain. Typical primary reinforcers are food, sex and drugs of abuse. Similarly, negative reinfor ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... well in practice, there is no biological evidence that support such operation in real organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very help ...
... well in practice, there is no biological evidence that support such operation in real organism. This early form of ad-hoc normalization is practically a simplification of more complicated homeostatic regulation that counterbalances Hebbian plasticity [31]. Turrigiano and Nelson [31] give a very help ...
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception SW
... Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 281, 12011211. ...
... Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology, 281, 12011211. ...
J Darnell, KH2 domain I304N RGG G
... Target and activity dependent regulation of mRNA distribution and local translation Trophin-like molecule in Aplysia Sensory to L7 motor neuron “plastic” synapse Neuron need not be present for synaptogenesis Synaptogenesis is anisomycin sensitive 80-100 mRNAs transported to neuritic region Sensorin— ...
... Target and activity dependent regulation of mRNA distribution and local translation Trophin-like molecule in Aplysia Sensory to L7 motor neuron “plastic” synapse Neuron need not be present for synaptogenesis Synaptogenesis is anisomycin sensitive 80-100 mRNAs transported to neuritic region Sensorin— ...
Activity of Neurons in Anterior Inferior Temporal Cortex during a
... retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in memory storage during times when they are concurrently responding t ...
... retention interval, during which no visual stimuli are presented. Outside the laboratory, however, memories frequently must be retained while new information is being processed. It is not understood how IT neurons can participate in memory storage during times when they are concurrently responding t ...
State dependent activity in monkey visual cortex
... collected from one V4 neuron while the animal performed about 150 trials of the tactile-visual match. Although most trials consisted of several stimuli presented one after another, in Fig. 2 and subsequent figures the trials have been broken apart so that each stimulus presentation and the following ...
... collected from one V4 neuron while the animal performed about 150 trials of the tactile-visual match. Although most trials consisted of several stimuli presented one after another, in Fig. 2 and subsequent figures the trials have been broken apart so that each stimulus presentation and the following ...
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... 2001). Instead, it has been shown recently that concurrent, balanced increases in background excitation and inhibition together, which cause an increase in current noise and in conductance with no net depolarization or hyperpolarization, can serve to divisively decrease gain (Chance et al., 2002). T ...
... 2001). Instead, it has been shown recently that concurrent, balanced increases in background excitation and inhibition together, which cause an increase in current noise and in conductance with no net depolarization or hyperpolarization, can serve to divisively decrease gain (Chance et al., 2002). T ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... are involved in orienting responses to peripheral visual as well as to acoustic stimuli and therefore are more closely related to spatial vision. This study examined the pattern of connections of frontal eye field (FEF) and surrounding prefrontal cortex with extrastriate visual areas and other postc ...
... are involved in orienting responses to peripheral visual as well as to acoustic stimuli and therefore are more closely related to spatial vision. This study examined the pattern of connections of frontal eye field (FEF) and surrounding prefrontal cortex with extrastriate visual areas and other postc ...
Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies
... They also showed that ‘fear’ and ‘anxiety’ (as they define them) each produces somewhat different types of behaviour depending on what they term the ‘defensive distance’ or degree of threat. Conveniently for us, anxiolytic drugs as a class were found to consistently affect the key anxiety-related me ...
... They also showed that ‘fear’ and ‘anxiety’ (as they define them) each produces somewhat different types of behaviour depending on what they term the ‘defensive distance’ or degree of threat. Conveniently for us, anxiolytic drugs as a class were found to consistently affect the key anxiety-related me ...
A magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation of obsessive
... is that no studies have ruled out the possibility that observed differences in brain chemistry between OCD patients and controls might be related to between-group differences in levels of state (or trait) anxiety, as opposed to the presence of OCD per se. If differences in observed brain chemistry a ...
... is that no studies have ruled out the possibility that observed differences in brain chemistry between OCD patients and controls might be related to between-group differences in levels of state (or trait) anxiety, as opposed to the presence of OCD per se. If differences in observed brain chemistry a ...
SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of
... that should be fulfilled if we are to claim that some neuron or set of neurons plays a critical role in the generation of a perceptual event. All these points are, in principle, open to experimental test, but for some criteria, no experimental test may be immediately available, owing to current tech ...
... that should be fulfilled if we are to claim that some neuron or set of neurons plays a critical role in the generation of a perceptual event. All these points are, in principle, open to experimental test, but for some criteria, no experimental test may be immediately available, owing to current tech ...
Chapter 1 - Research Explorer
... (Roe et al., 1984) have been identified as the primary metabolic indicators of IVA and are still reliable diagnostic markers for the disease with exception of free isovaleric acid which escapes most of the currently applied chromatographic analyses. The accumulating substrate isovaleryl-CoA and the ...
... (Roe et al., 1984) have been identified as the primary metabolic indicators of IVA and are still reliable diagnostic markers for the disease with exception of free isovaleric acid which escapes most of the currently applied chromatographic analyses. The accumulating substrate isovaleryl-CoA and the ...
The Nrf2/ARE Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target in
... causal connections have been extended to many diseases for which age is a major risk factor, including Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as nonneurodegenerative conditions such as cancer and heart disease (5, 61). If one is to grant the validi ...
... causal connections have been extended to many diseases for which age is a major risk factor, including Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer’s disease, as well as nonneurodegenerative conditions such as cancer and heart disease (5, 61). If one is to grant the validi ...
Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in terminals: a
... affected, of course, by neuronal morphology, which is itself changeable. Even this brief discussion shows why understanding the casual mechanisms in serotonergic signaling is a challenging problem. Not only does one have to understand mechanism and function on four different levels, genomic, biochem ...
... affected, of course, by neuronal morphology, which is itself changeable. Even this brief discussion shows why understanding the casual mechanisms in serotonergic signaling is a challenging problem. Not only does one have to understand mechanism and function on four different levels, genomic, biochem ...
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid ß-Oxidation in the Human Eye and
... pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the retinopathy are unknown, so specific treatment strategies have not been developed. Previous studies suggest that fatty acid -oxidation may have a role in metabolism of the porcine RPE and that MTP is also expressed in the human retina (9). To further elucidate ...
... pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the retinopathy are unknown, so specific treatment strategies have not been developed. Previous studies suggest that fatty acid -oxidation may have a role in metabolism of the porcine RPE and that MTP is also expressed in the human retina (9). To further elucidate ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... bolts for fastening a halo ring for head fixation, a magnetic search coil for eye-movement recording, and a stainless steel cylinder for microelectrode recording around a trephine hole in the skull over the anterior part of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Extracellular recordings of single-unit ...
... bolts for fastening a halo ring for head fixation, a magnetic search coil for eye-movement recording, and a stainless steel cylinder for microelectrode recording around a trephine hole in the skull over the anterior part of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Extracellular recordings of single-unit ...
ANS: c, p. 42, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... a) occipital; lobitical b) oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells c) occipital; Schwann d) oligodendrocytes; lobitical 2. ____________neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will se ...
... a) occipital; lobitical b) oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells c) occipital; Schwann d) oligodendrocytes; lobitical 2. ____________neurotransmitters make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas _____________ neurotransmitters make it less likely that a neuron will se ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... selectively to 2D shapes (Sereno and Maunsell 1998). These findings suggest that the neural correlates of form vision are ...
... selectively to 2D shapes (Sereno and Maunsell 1998). These findings suggest that the neural correlates of form vision are ...
The Nervous System
... Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled w ...
... Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled w ...
Adult Refsum Disease: A Form of Tapetoretinal Dystrophy
... the plasma level of exclusively phytanic acid is caused by the deficient activity of phytanoylCoA-hydroxylase (PHYH ), a peroxisomal protein that catalyzes the first step in the a-oxidation of phytanic acid (Fig. 5).3,12,13 In a few cases levels of phytanic acid are only slightly raised, but in all ...
... the plasma level of exclusively phytanic acid is caused by the deficient activity of phytanoylCoA-hydroxylase (PHYH ), a peroxisomal protein that catalyzes the first step in the a-oxidation of phytanic acid (Fig. 5).3,12,13 In a few cases levels of phytanic acid are only slightly raised, but in all ...
Sample
... c. endoplasmic reticulum; breakdown of proteins d. microtubules; transport of chemicals through the cell membrane e. mitochondria; formation of vesicles Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1-20 Page Ref: 34 Topic: Neurons Skill: Factual Answer: a. mitochondria; extraction of energy Rationale: Mitochondria ...
... c. endoplasmic reticulum; breakdown of proteins d. microtubules; transport of chemicals through the cell membrane e. mitochondria; formation of vesicles Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 2.1-20 Page Ref: 34 Topic: Neurons Skill: Factual Answer: a. mitochondria; extraction of energy Rationale: Mitochondria ...
Clinical neurochemistry
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg?width=300)
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.