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Spatial tuning of reaching activity in the medial parieto
... (c) HOLD. From the end of the forward reach (LED pressing) to the onset of M2. All these epochs were calculated trial by trial according to button and target-switch presses and releases. For brevity, M1, M2 and HOLD will be collectively referred to as ‘action epochs’ from now on. Cell responses in e ...
... (c) HOLD. From the end of the forward reach (LED pressing) to the onset of M2. All these epochs were calculated trial by trial according to button and target-switch presses and releases. For brevity, M1, M2 and HOLD will be collectively referred to as ‘action epochs’ from now on. Cell responses in e ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... nuclei (particularly massive to SNc and STN). PPN receives massive GABAergic inputs from basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi, SNr) and from STN. Cholinergic neurons in PPN undergo massive degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. ...
... nuclei (particularly massive to SNc and STN). PPN receives massive GABAergic inputs from basal ganglia output nuclei (GPi, SNr) and from STN. Cholinergic neurons in PPN undergo massive degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. Bilateral lesion of cholinergic cells in PPN induces gait problems in monkeys. ...
213 porters and neurotransmitter transporters
... Neurotransmission in mammals is primed by the synthesis of a specific neurotransmitter that is accumulated into synaptic vesicles or granules. Following a specific signal, the transmitter is secreted from the vesicles into the synaptic cleft (Kanner, 1989; Nelson, 1993). The neurotransmitter interac ...
... Neurotransmission in mammals is primed by the synthesis of a specific neurotransmitter that is accumulated into synaptic vesicles or granules. Following a specific signal, the transmitter is secreted from the vesicles into the synaptic cleft (Kanner, 1989; Nelson, 1993). The neurotransmitter interac ...
Anatomical Changes in Human Motor Cortex and Motor Pathways
... (Green et al. 1999; Lacourse et al. 1999). Although it would be ideal to use immunohistochemical techniques to examine changes in neuronal numbers and morphology, it is not possible to use this technique in living humans, and as a result, it has been difficult to establish whether anatomical changes ...
... (Green et al. 1999; Lacourse et al. 1999). Although it would be ideal to use immunohistochemical techniques to examine changes in neuronal numbers and morphology, it is not possible to use this technique in living humans, and as a result, it has been difficult to establish whether anatomical changes ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... Specifically, beta oscillations are produced by an abnormal enhancement of the interactions between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the external segment of globus pallidus (GPe) in the indirect pathway, with an oscillation frequency that depends on the excitatory cortical input to the STN and the ...
... Specifically, beta oscillations are produced by an abnormal enhancement of the interactions between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the external segment of globus pallidus (GPe) in the indirect pathway, with an oscillation frequency that depends on the excitatory cortical input to the STN and the ...
Behavioral and Neural Changes after Gains and Losses of
... where Ct is the animal’s choice in trial t (Ct ⫽ ⫺1 and 1 for leftward and rightward choices, respectively), Gt is a dummy variable for the gain outcome (Gt ⫽ 1 for gain trials and 0 otherwise), Lt is a dummy variable for the loss outcome (Lt ⫽ 1 for loss trials and 0 otherwise), Rt is a dummy varia ...
... where Ct is the animal’s choice in trial t (Ct ⫽ ⫺1 and 1 for leftward and rightward choices, respectively), Gt is a dummy variable for the gain outcome (Gt ⫽ 1 for gain trials and 0 otherwise), Lt is a dummy variable for the loss outcome (Lt ⫽ 1 for loss trials and 0 otherwise), Rt is a dummy varia ...
06-pons + midbrain
... A unilateral brain stem lesion : caused by stroke,tumour or multiple sclerosis causes : 1-epsilateral cranial nerve dysfunction + contralateral spastic hemiparesis. 2-hyperreflexia & an extensor plantar response (upper motor neurone lesion). 3-contalateral hemisensory loss. 4-ipsilateral incoordin ...
... A unilateral brain stem lesion : caused by stroke,tumour or multiple sclerosis causes : 1-epsilateral cranial nerve dysfunction + contralateral spastic hemiparesis. 2-hyperreflexia & an extensor plantar response (upper motor neurone lesion). 3-contalateral hemisensory loss. 4-ipsilateral incoordin ...
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System
... plays an important role in translating environmental chemical information into electrical signals that can be recognized accurately. In this system, odorant information is first received by olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory bulbar neural circuits then process this inf ...
... plays an important role in translating environmental chemical information into electrical signals that can be recognized accurately. In this system, odorant information is first received by olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory bulbar neural circuits then process this inf ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... to changes in light-dark conditions (49). Circadian rhythmic activities are well documented for locomotory, sensory, and central nervous systems in many crustacean species. The different systems (see Table 1) evidently involve almost all biological functions in crustaceans. The focus of this review ...
... to changes in light-dark conditions (49). Circadian rhythmic activities are well documented for locomotory, sensory, and central nervous systems in many crustacean species. The different systems (see Table 1) evidently involve almost all biological functions in crustaceans. The focus of this review ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
... following Schaffer collaterals stimulation (Fig. 6). Pairedpulses probe a system in a way that a single pulse could not. The second of a pair of pulses tests the excitability of the neurons at various delays (interpulse intervals, IPIs) after the first pulse perturbs the neural circuit. Paired-pulse ...
Eater, a Transmembrane Protein Mediating
... served process (Metchnikoff, 1908) that plays an important role in development, tissue homeostasis, and immune defense (Aderem and Underhill, 1999). In mammals, specialized blood cells, macrophages and neutrophils, remove senescent and apoptotic cells and are essential for the clearance and killing ...
... served process (Metchnikoff, 1908) that plays an important role in development, tissue homeostasis, and immune defense (Aderem and Underhill, 1999). In mammals, specialized blood cells, macrophages and neutrophils, remove senescent and apoptotic cells and are essential for the clearance and killing ...
MIrror neuRons based RObot Recognition - LIRA-Lab
... observation of objects (canonical neurons) or by the observation of actions made by others (mirror neurons). Another cortical area where there are mirror neurons is area PF (Fogassi et al. 1998; Gallese et al. 2002). This area forms the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule. PF receives input ...
... observation of objects (canonical neurons) or by the observation of actions made by others (mirror neurons). Another cortical area where there are mirror neurons is area PF (Fogassi et al. 1998; Gallese et al. 2002). This area forms the rostral part of the inferior parietal lobule. PF receives input ...
The cerebrocerebellar system: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... architecture that is essentially uniform. This has theoretical and clinical ramifications. It is the anatomical basis for the dysmetria of thought hypothesis that postulates a universal cerebellar transform, in which the cerebellum performs its unique computation in a topographically precise manner ...
... architecture that is essentially uniform. This has theoretical and clinical ramifications. It is the anatomical basis for the dysmetria of thought hypothesis that postulates a universal cerebellar transform, in which the cerebellum performs its unique computation in a topographically precise manner ...
4 Aromatic Amino Acids in the Brain - Wurtman Lab
... Abstract: This chapter describes the aromatic L‐amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine and the effects on tyrosine metabolism of phenylalanine. Tryptophan and phenylalanine are essential amino acids and must ultimately be derived from dietary proteins; tyrosine is obtained both from dietary proteins an ...
... Abstract: This chapter describes the aromatic L‐amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine and the effects on tyrosine metabolism of phenylalanine. Tryptophan and phenylalanine are essential amino acids and must ultimately be derived from dietary proteins; tyrosine is obtained both from dietary proteins an ...
Mietzsch U, McKenna J 3rd, Reith RM, Way SW, Gambello MJ. Comparative analysis of Tsc1 and Tsc2 single and double radial glial cell mutants. J Comp Neurol. 2013 Nov. 521(16):3817-31.
... 2007). Differences in phenotypes within a family are likely related to stochastic events, modifier genes, and possibly environmental influences. Genotype–phenotype studies suggest that TSC2-based disease is more severe and associated with a higher burden of brain pathology and intellectual disabilit ...
... 2007). Differences in phenotypes within a family are likely related to stochastic events, modifier genes, and possibly environmental influences. Genotype–phenotype studies suggest that TSC2-based disease is more severe and associated with a higher burden of brain pathology and intellectual disabilit ...
initial rates for many enzymatic reactions exhibit bell
... mixed with E and the extent of rxn is measured after a fixed time -allows the curve for the dependence of velocity upon [S] to be determined in a single experiment (b)Choice of Assay Method -often a variety of different assay methods available for an E -choice may simply depend on convenience and th ...
... mixed with E and the extent of rxn is measured after a fixed time -allows the curve for the dependence of velocity upon [S] to be determined in a single experiment (b)Choice of Assay Method -often a variety of different assay methods available for an E -choice may simply depend on convenience and th ...
07-pons + midbrain2009-03-24 08:441.9 MB
... extends throughout the length of brain stem, made up of deeply placed nerve cells & fibres. It has widespread afferent & efferent connections with other parts of CNS. It has important functions for vital centers as respiratory & cardiovascular centres, through its connection to autonomic neurones ...
... extends throughout the length of brain stem, made up of deeply placed nerve cells & fibres. It has widespread afferent & efferent connections with other parts of CNS. It has important functions for vital centers as respiratory & cardiovascular centres, through its connection to autonomic neurones ...
The peripheral nervous system-
... Kiernan, 1979; Berry, 1979; Reier and Houle, 1988). Hypotheses explaining the failure of effective regeneration of CNS axons have revolved around two basic questions; (1) are CNS axons inherently incapable of regeneration ('inherent incapacity hypothesis')? or (2) does the environment of the severed ...
... Kiernan, 1979; Berry, 1979; Reier and Houle, 1988). Hypotheses explaining the failure of effective regeneration of CNS axons have revolved around two basic questions; (1) are CNS axons inherently incapable of regeneration ('inherent incapacity hypothesis')? or (2) does the environment of the severed ...
Combining electroencephalographic activity and
... signalling relevantly affect the CNS, both in physiological and in pathological conditions [2,4,6–9]. Dysfunctions of the ANS were found in acute and chronic stressful conditions [10–12], insomnia [13,14], epilepsy [15,16], parkinsonisms [17,18], psychosomatic disorders [19] and schizophrenia, anxie ...
... signalling relevantly affect the CNS, both in physiological and in pathological conditions [2,4,6–9]. Dysfunctions of the ANS were found in acute and chronic stressful conditions [10–12], insomnia [13,14], epilepsy [15,16], parkinsonisms [17,18], psychosomatic disorders [19] and schizophrenia, anxie ...
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... thalamocortical system. Spindle waves are by far the best understood type of rhythmicity in this system, in part because they can be enhanced by anesthetics such as barbiturates (8, 81). The thalamic origin of spindles was first suggested by Bishop (28), who observed the suppression of rhythmic acti ...
... thalamocortical system. Spindle waves are by far the best understood type of rhythmicity in this system, in part because they can be enhanced by anesthetics such as barbiturates (8, 81). The thalamic origin of spindles was first suggested by Bishop (28), who observed the suppression of rhythmic acti ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... occlusion, and this inhibition was significantly diminished by spinal cord dorsal rhizotomies at C3–7 (6, 24). Cerebellar respiratory-related neurons (CRRNs) have been reported in the cerebellum of the carp (1) and, more specifically, in the rostral fastigial nucleus (FNr) of spontaneously breathing ...
... occlusion, and this inhibition was significantly diminished by spinal cord dorsal rhizotomies at C3–7 (6, 24). Cerebellar respiratory-related neurons (CRRNs) have been reported in the cerebellum of the carp (1) and, more specifically, in the rostral fastigial nucleus (FNr) of spontaneously breathing ...
Interferences in Immunoassays
... Interference is defined as “the effect of a substance present in the sample that alters the correct value of the result, usually expressed as concentration or activity, for an analyte” (Kroll & Elin, 1994). Immunoassays are analytically sensitive and measurements can frequently performed without pri ...
... Interference is defined as “the effect of a substance present in the sample that alters the correct value of the result, usually expressed as concentration or activity, for an analyte” (Kroll & Elin, 1994). Immunoassays are analytically sensitive and measurements can frequently performed without pri ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
... immature and mature times did not vary (40 and 36%, respectively), the inferred proportions of Kv2 channels are similar. The mutant subunit may have produced this effect by decreasing either the number of functional channels, the single-channel conductance, or Popen. These results suggest that funct ...
Clinical neurochemistry
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neuron_with_mHtt_inclusion.jpg?width=300)
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.