LINKING PROPOSITIONS*
... his own sensations” (p. 144). Brindley’s question was: What is the place and value of sensory reports in the testing of physiological hypotheses? He formulated the argument that phenomenal terms and physiological terms are from different realms of discourse, and that, if terms from the two different ...
... his own sensations” (p. 144). Brindley’s question was: What is the place and value of sensory reports in the testing of physiological hypotheses? He formulated the argument that phenomenal terms and physiological terms are from different realms of discourse, and that, if terms from the two different ...
Functional maps within a single neuron
... mechanisms as well, thus altering various intraneuronal maps, either locally or globally, in an intricately coupled manner. Several common themes emerge by comparing plasticity in these intraneuronal maps to plasticity in sensory maps. For instance, studies involving the effects of dark rearing on v ...
... mechanisms as well, thus altering various intraneuronal maps, either locally or globally, in an intricately coupled manner. Several common themes emerge by comparing plasticity in these intraneuronal maps to plasticity in sensory maps. For instance, studies involving the effects of dark rearing on v ...
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... background, as well as from activity on later trials, for both unexpected reward and reward omission (P values < 0.01). Furthermore, the distribution of difference scores comparing each neuron’s firing early and late in the block was shifted significantly above zero for unexpected reward (Fig. 3e; W ...
... background, as well as from activity on later trials, for both unexpected reward and reward omission (P values < 0.01). Furthermore, the distribution of difference scores comparing each neuron’s firing early and late in the block was shifted significantly above zero for unexpected reward (Fig. 3e; W ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cellular anat ...
... The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cellular anat ...
Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... were found to show specialized excitatory or inhibitory firing responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related respo ...
... were found to show specialized excitatory or inhibitory firing responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related respo ...
Solutions for Each Step of An Association Study
... In this third step, genomic regions are chosen for detailed sequence analysis to identify all SNPs in these regions within a particular population. Regions are chosen based on proximity to statistically significant SNPs and, often, functional annotations. Those SNPs can then be analyzed for statisti ...
... In this third step, genomic regions are chosen for detailed sequence analysis to identify all SNPs in these regions within a particular population. Regions are chosen based on proximity to statistically significant SNPs and, often, functional annotations. Those SNPs can then be analyzed for statisti ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
... prepared from brains of foetal mice, but binding of type E toxin was weak. None of the toxin types bound to the feeder layer, composed of non-neuronal cells. The heavy-chain component of the type C1toxin bound to neurons, but the light chain component did not. Type C, toxin also bound only to cell l ...
Passive Properties of Swimmeret Motor Neurons
... Experiments were performed on isolated abdominal nerve cords. The N1s, which project bilaterally from each of the first five abdominal ganglia, were cut as far distally as possible to allow us to record from them with extracellular pin electrodes. In electrophysiology experiments, the last two thora ...
... Experiments were performed on isolated abdominal nerve cords. The N1s, which project bilaterally from each of the first five abdominal ganglia, were cut as far distally as possible to allow us to record from them with extracellular pin electrodes. In electrophysiology experiments, the last two thora ...
Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila
... dendrites are important in neuronal function and circuit assembly. Their targets and complexity influence the range of inputs that a neuron receives. In addition, the morphology of a dendritic arbor can impact the processing and integration of electrical signals (London and Häusser, 2005). Studies o ...
... dendrites are important in neuronal function and circuit assembly. Their targets and complexity influence the range of inputs that a neuron receives. In addition, the morphology of a dendritic arbor can impact the processing and integration of electrical signals (London and Häusser, 2005). Studies o ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Important for the Manifestations ofα
... onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident with induction of ER chaperones in neurons exhibiting ␣S pathology. However, the neuronal ER chaperone induction was not accompanied by the activation of phospho-eIF2␣, indicating that ␣-synucleinopathy is associated with abnormal UPR that could promote cell de ...
... onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident with induction of ER chaperones in neurons exhibiting ␣S pathology. However, the neuronal ER chaperone induction was not accompanied by the activation of phospho-eIF2␣, indicating that ␣-synucleinopathy is associated with abnormal UPR that could promote cell de ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) of Palmer et al. (1978). The existence of extensive interconnection ...
... hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected regions which have been the subject of intensive anatomical, physiological, and behavioral studies are the area 17/18 border region and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian area (area PMLS) of Palmer et al. (1978). The existence of extensive interconnection ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... mice, respectively (Mastro et al., 2014) (Fig. 1). The striatal projections of Lhx6- and PV-GPe neurons are selective for GABAergic interneurons (Mastro et al., 2014), suggesting that they are distinct from Arky-GPe neurons. Lhx6 and PV-GPe neurons represent largely nonoverlapping populations in the ...
... mice, respectively (Mastro et al., 2014) (Fig. 1). The striatal projections of Lhx6- and PV-GPe neurons are selective for GABAergic interneurons (Mastro et al., 2014), suggesting that they are distinct from Arky-GPe neurons. Lhx6 and PV-GPe neurons represent largely nonoverlapping populations in the ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... Council directive (86/609/EEC), and complied with rules set forth in the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (publication 80-23). All animals were housed in standard conditions (21 1°C, food and water ad libitum), and all experiments were performed during t ...
... Council directive (86/609/EEC), and complied with rules set forth in the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (publication 80-23). All animals were housed in standard conditions (21 1°C, food and water ad libitum), and all experiments were performed during t ...
Neuronal and microglial cathepsins in aging and age
... members of cathepsins are also involved in extracellular proteolysis resulting in pathological conditions. Leakage of cathepsins into the cytoplasm is often achieved by the endocytosis of oxidizable substrates that destabilize the lysosomal membranes through lipid peroxidation. It has been proposed ...
... members of cathepsins are also involved in extracellular proteolysis resulting in pathological conditions. Leakage of cathepsins into the cytoplasm is often achieved by the endocytosis of oxidizable substrates that destabilize the lysosomal membranes through lipid peroxidation. It has been proposed ...
Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the
... responses (V for visual, T for tactile) (King and Palmer, 1985; Populin and Yin, 2002; Perrault et al., 2005, their “multisensory contrast index”): Index2 ⫽ [(Bi ⫺ (V ⫹ T))/(V ⫹ T)] ⫻ 100. In this study, we chose to use both indices because they provide complementary information. However, we introdu ...
... responses (V for visual, T for tactile) (King and Palmer, 1985; Populin and Yin, 2002; Perrault et al., 2005, their “multisensory contrast index”): Index2 ⫽ [(Bi ⫺ (V ⫹ T))/(V ⫹ T)] ⫻ 100. In this study, we chose to use both indices because they provide complementary information. However, we introdu ...
Somatostatin-Expressing Inhibitory Interneurons in Cortical Circuits
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
... Cortical inhibitory neurons exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, connectivity, and synaptic properties. Here, we review the function of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) inhibitory interneurons, focusing largely on sensory cortex. SOM neurons also comprise a number of subpopulations that ca ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... crucial process for the saccadic system. Cortical areas believed to be involved in target selection, such as the frontal eye field (FEF) and parietal area LIP, are richly interconnected with the SC (Fries 1984; Leichnetz et al. 1981; Lynch et al. 1985, 1994; Stanton et al. 1988), and recent studies ...
... crucial process for the saccadic system. Cortical areas believed to be involved in target selection, such as the frontal eye field (FEF) and parietal area LIP, are richly interconnected with the SC (Fries 1984; Leichnetz et al. 1981; Lynch et al. 1985, 1994; Stanton et al. 1988), and recent studies ...
A Critical Review of the Role of the Proposed VMpo Nucleus in Pain
... Projection of Lamina I STT Cells to the Proposed VMpo Nucleus Recordings were made by Dostrovsky and Craig48 from a sample of 27 monkey lamina I STT cells that were antidromically activated from the region of what Craig and colleagues regard as the VMpo nucleus (Fig 3A). Of these, 20 were classified ...
... Projection of Lamina I STT Cells to the Proposed VMpo Nucleus Recordings were made by Dostrovsky and Craig48 from a sample of 27 monkey lamina I STT cells that were antidromically activated from the region of what Craig and colleagues regard as the VMpo nucleus (Fig 3A). Of these, 20 were classified ...
Sense Making Taste
... named G-proteins. This prompts the subunits (α, β and γ) of the Gproteins to split into α and βγ, which activate a nearby enzyme. The enzyme then converts a precursor within the cell into so-called second messengers that close potassium channels indirectly. ...
... named G-proteins. This prompts the subunits (α, β and γ) of the Gproteins to split into α and βγ, which activate a nearby enzyme. The enzyme then converts a precursor within the cell into so-called second messengers that close potassium channels indirectly. ...
Role of Active Movement in Place-Specific Firing of Hippocampal
... Figure 2a shows representative examples of spatial firing patterns of two complex spike cells (top and middle) and a theta cell (bottom) during A1, P, and A2 sessions. Figure 2b shows pixel-bypixel correlations (transformed to Fisher’s z) among firing rate maps in A1, P, and A2 sessions of all analyze ...
... Figure 2a shows representative examples of spatial firing patterns of two complex spike cells (top and middle) and a theta cell (bottom) during A1, P, and A2 sessions. Figure 2b shows pixel-bypixel correlations (transformed to Fisher’s z) among firing rate maps in A1, P, and A2 sessions of all analyze ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... Whole-cell measurements of MECIII membrane potential in naturally sleeping animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the tempora ...
... Whole-cell measurements of MECIII membrane potential in naturally sleeping animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the tempora ...
Fig. 2 - eNeuro
... Natural tadpole swimming behavior was observed in a 5-cm dish with 1-mm grid paper underneath and videoed at 120 or 240 fps using a GoPro HERO4 silver camera. A current amplifier was used to drive a speaker, whose membrane was attached to a glass rod (end blob: 100 – 400 m in diameter). Half a cycl ...
... Natural tadpole swimming behavior was observed in a 5-cm dish with 1-mm grid paper underneath and videoed at 120 or 240 fps using a GoPro HERO4 silver camera. A current amplifier was used to drive a speaker, whose membrane was attached to a glass rod (end blob: 100 – 400 m in diameter). Half a cycl ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... To reduce computing time, the initial encoding of the environment occurs with the virtual rat traversing a pre-coded trajectory through the T-maze. This brings the rat up the stem of the maze, into the left arm, back to the stem, up into the right arm and back to the original starting position in th ...
... To reduce computing time, the initial encoding of the environment occurs with the virtual rat traversing a pre-coded trajectory through the T-maze. This brings the rat up the stem of the maze, into the left arm, back to the stem, up into the right arm and back to the original starting position in th ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
... not biased on flat quartz for either cell type. Most non-neuronal cells in hippocampal cultures aligned parallel to grooves of all dimensions. Grooved quartz slides were treated with polylysine before plating hippocampal neurons but not Xenopus neurons so we tested the notion that differences in ori ...
... not biased on flat quartz for either cell type. Most non-neuronal cells in hippocampal cultures aligned parallel to grooves of all dimensions. Grooved quartz slides were treated with polylysine before plating hippocampal neurons but not Xenopus neurons so we tested the notion that differences in ori ...