Morphological Analysis of Dendritic Spine Development in Primary
... The dendritic spine constitutes the main locus of excitatory synaptic interaction among central neurons. The great variety of shapes,strategic location, and abundancehas focusedconsiderableattention on the dendritic spineas the key site for the potential encoding of activity-dependent, neuronal plas ...
... The dendritic spine constitutes the main locus of excitatory synaptic interaction among central neurons. The great variety of shapes,strategic location, and abundancehas focusedconsiderableattention on the dendritic spineas the key site for the potential encoding of activity-dependent, neuronal plas ...
theta oscillation in the hippocampus
... vivo electrode impedances varied from 60 to 100 MV. Once stable intracellular recordings were obtained, evoked and passive physiological properties of the cell were determined. Only neurons with a resting potential more negative than 255 mV were included in this study. Since the ‘‘resting’’ membrane ...
... vivo electrode impedances varied from 60 to 100 MV. Once stable intracellular recordings were obtained, evoked and passive physiological properties of the cell were determined. Only neurons with a resting potential more negative than 255 mV were included in this study. Since the ‘‘resting’’ membrane ...
University of Birmingham Drosophila neurotrophins reveal a
... Integrin a9b1 [28–30]. Pro-NTs bind p75 to promote cell death, and mature NTs bind Trk and p75 receptors, or p75 alone, to promote cell survival [3,28,30]. Vertebrate NTs bind Trks to activate the MAPKinase/ERK and AKT pathways (promoting cell survival), PLC-c (regulating calcium levels), and NFjB ( ...
... Integrin a9b1 [28–30]. Pro-NTs bind p75 to promote cell death, and mature NTs bind Trk and p75 receptors, or p75 alone, to promote cell survival [3,28,30]. Vertebrate NTs bind Trks to activate the MAPKinase/ERK and AKT pathways (promoting cell survival), PLC-c (regulating calcium levels), and NFjB ( ...
Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event
... To obtain the activity plots in Figure 1c, we calculated mean firing rates across bins of 250 msec and averaged over the indicated number of trials (n; see legend of Fig. 1). For neurons showing stimulus-selective delay activity we averaged over trials with the same pair of sample and test stimuli ( ...
... To obtain the activity plots in Figure 1c, we calculated mean firing rates across bins of 250 msec and averaged over the indicated number of trials (n; see legend of Fig. 1). For neurons showing stimulus-selective delay activity we averaged over trials with the same pair of sample and test stimuli ( ...
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to Perception
... that LTP of the associational/commissural connections can be induced by pairing spike bursts in the mossy fibers and the association/commissural pathway, and this effect depends on the order and interval between the pre/post bursts rather than between individual spikes. For a synaptic learning rule ...
... that LTP of the associational/commissural connections can be induced by pairing spike bursts in the mossy fibers and the association/commissural pathway, and this effect depends on the order and interval between the pre/post bursts rather than between individual spikes. For a synaptic learning rule ...
Tactile orientation perception: an ideal observer analysis of human
... spatially offset inhibition and its role in producing orientationselective responses remain somewhat unclear. A challenge is that RF structures evidently depend, in part, on the stimuli used to characterize them. In response to scanned, raised-dot stimuli, ⬎90% of area 3b neurons showed one or more ...
... spatially offset inhibition and its role in producing orientationselective responses remain somewhat unclear. A challenge is that RF structures evidently depend, in part, on the stimuli used to characterize them. In response to scanned, raised-dot stimuli, ⬎90% of area 3b neurons showed one or more ...
Perception Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to
... pre/post spikes paired at regular intervals. The advantage of this approach is that each induction pattern can be described by a small number of parameters, and the dependence of synaptic modification on these parameters (e.g., pre/post spike interval) can be easily determined. For neural circuits i ...
... pre/post spikes paired at regular intervals. The advantage of this approach is that each induction pattern can be described by a small number of parameters, and the dependence of synaptic modification on these parameters (e.g., pre/post spike interval) can be easily determined. For neural circuits i ...
Volumetric Two-photon Imaging of Neurons Using
... single plane imaging is N frames/sec, and the number of planes imaged per volume in m, then the aggregate volume frame rate is reduced to N {m. Many calcium indicators have on-response kinetics below 0.1 s [12]. To capture this dynamics, volume frame rates must remain close to 10 Hz. With current re ...
... single plane imaging is N frames/sec, and the number of planes imaged per volume in m, then the aggregate volume frame rate is reduced to N {m. Many calcium indicators have on-response kinetics below 0.1 s [12]. To capture this dynamics, volume frame rates must remain close to 10 Hz. With current re ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) were investigated in the rat. Autoradiographic experiments, with injections of 3H-proline into different sites in the nucleus accumbens and adjacent caudoputamen, indicate that the descending fibers are organized topographically along both mediolateral and dorsoventra ...
... lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) were investigated in the rat. Autoradiographic experiments, with injections of 3H-proline into different sites in the nucleus accumbens and adjacent caudoputamen, indicate that the descending fibers are organized topographically along both mediolateral and dorsoventra ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... Distribution of Ion Channels in Thalamocortical Neurons Stephen R. Williams and Greg J. Stuart Division of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ...
... Distribution of Ion Channels in Thalamocortical Neurons Stephen R. Williams and Greg J. Stuart Division of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ...
Regulation of thalamocortical axon branching by BDNF and synaptic vesicle cycling
... supplemented with B27 (Invitrogen). Dissociated hippocampal cell cultures were prepared according to Granseth et al. (2006). Hippocampi were dissected from E18 embryos, and the cells were dissociated using papain (10 U/ml). The cells were plated on 16-mm borosilicate glass coverslips at 15000–20000 ...
... supplemented with B27 (Invitrogen). Dissociated hippocampal cell cultures were prepared according to Granseth et al. (2006). Hippocampi were dissected from E18 embryos, and the cells were dissociated using papain (10 U/ml). The cells were plated on 16-mm borosilicate glass coverslips at 15000–20000 ...
166 - UCSF Physiology - University of California, San Francisco
... use of a null allele of 1 integrin gene (Stephens et al., 1995) and generated heterozygous animals with one null allele and one Figure 1. emx1–cre induces recombination in excitatory but not inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus. a– c, Confocal conditional allele. This ensures the effi- micrographs ...
... use of a null allele of 1 integrin gene (Stephens et al., 1995) and generated heterozygous animals with one null allele and one Figure 1. emx1–cre induces recombination in excitatory but not inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus. a– c, Confocal conditional allele. This ensures the effi- micrographs ...
propofol alters vesicular transport in rat cortical neuronal cultures
... contrast image, with the cell body to the left and a branched neurite stretching out to the right. Cortical cell cultures in CCM were observed for 5 min, then exposed to 2 µM propofol 10 seconds before time 0 and further observed for 10 min. Part of the neurite (within the inset box) is shown as tim ...
... contrast image, with the cell body to the left and a branched neurite stretching out to the right. Cortical cell cultures in CCM were observed for 5 min, then exposed to 2 µM propofol 10 seconds before time 0 and further observed for 10 min. Part of the neurite (within the inset box) is shown as tim ...
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean
... matrix. The matrix is typically a small organic compound with absorbance at a wavelength of the laser employed. MALDI mass spectra were obtained using a Voyager DE STR (PE Biosystems, Framingham, MA) time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with delayed ion extraction. A pulsed nitrogen laser (337 ...
... matrix. The matrix is typically a small organic compound with absorbance at a wavelength of the laser employed. MALDI mass spectra were obtained using a Voyager DE STR (PE Biosystems, Framingham, MA) time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with delayed ion extraction. A pulsed nitrogen laser (337 ...
Emilia Biffi Editor - Biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana
... a compartmented in vitro model of the lower motor neuron-neuromuscular junction circuit, incorporating primary spinal motor neurons, supporting glia and skeletal muscle, and spatially mimicking the unique anatomical and cellular interactions of this circuit. In Part V, compartmentalized devices for ...
... a compartmented in vitro model of the lower motor neuron-neuromuscular junction circuit, incorporating primary spinal motor neurons, supporting glia and skeletal muscle, and spatially mimicking the unique anatomical and cellular interactions of this circuit. In Part V, compartmentalized devices for ...
Neural Correlates of Perceived Brightness in the Retina, Lateral
... and a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved with sodium thiopental (initial dose 20 mg / kg, i.v., supplemented as needed). A tracheotomy was performed, and the animal intubated. The animal was then paralyzed with an intravenous inf usion of atracurium besylate (initial dose 5 mg, 0.6 –1.2 mg z ...
... and a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved with sodium thiopental (initial dose 20 mg / kg, i.v., supplemented as needed). A tracheotomy was performed, and the animal intubated. The animal was then paralyzed with an intravenous inf usion of atracurium besylate (initial dose 5 mg, 0.6 –1.2 mg z ...
Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... ficient. Indeed, the voxel geometry must also be adapted to the anatomy of interest in order to minimize partial volume effects without compromising signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This is particularly relevant to the LC. Despite its small size, the LC can be exactly localized if T1 weighting (e.g. T1- ...
... ficient. Indeed, the voxel geometry must also be adapted to the anatomy of interest in order to minimize partial volume effects without compromising signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This is particularly relevant to the LC. Despite its small size, the LC can be exactly localized if T1 weighting (e.g. T1- ...
Review Mitochondrial movement and positioning in axons
... characterized by the transient presence of one or more filopodia at the site of bead–axon contact, and beads that never induced any filopodia were not considered; (3) only neurons that had a single bead contacting the axon at least 100·µm away from both the growth cone and cell body were considered. ...
... characterized by the transient presence of one or more filopodia at the site of bead–axon contact, and beads that never induced any filopodia were not considered; (3) only neurons that had a single bead contacting the axon at least 100·µm away from both the growth cone and cell body were considered. ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... • Lesion studies must be interpreted with caution; a lesion inevitably damages structures other than the one that the surgeon targeted, and lesions seldom completely remove a structure that is targeted ...
... • Lesion studies must be interpreted with caution; a lesion inevitably damages structures other than the one that the surgeon targeted, and lesions seldom completely remove a structure that is targeted ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... Figure 3C, bursts follow stimulus upstrokes over a wide range of frequencies. Figure 3D shows the mean slope of the stimuli preceding bursts at a range of frequencies. The maximal positive slopes (dark red) always precede bursts. Note, that at ⬎10 Hz there is a frequency-dependent delay of bursts up ...
... Figure 3C, bursts follow stimulus upstrokes over a wide range of frequencies. Figure 3D shows the mean slope of the stimuli preceding bursts at a range of frequencies. The maximal positive slopes (dark red) always precede bursts. Note, that at ⬎10 Hz there is a frequency-dependent delay of bursts up ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... neuron during the light stimulation was compared to their firing characteristics during the preceding baseline period (10 s). Two to four trials were carried out for each neuron and combined to calculate the average response (Supplementary Fig. 5; see online Methods). Following light stimulation of ...
... neuron during the light stimulation was compared to their firing characteristics during the preceding baseline period (10 s). Two to four trials were carried out for each neuron and combined to calculate the average response (Supplementary Fig. 5; see online Methods). Following light stimulation of ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... cortical circuits adjust to recent visual input, but they have left unclear how a particular sensory event alters the distributed representation of information in the visual system. This is because studies, understandably, have focused on measuring effects with stimuli that are most appropriate for ...
... cortical circuits adjust to recent visual input, but they have left unclear how a particular sensory event alters the distributed representation of information in the visual system. This is because studies, understandably, have focused on measuring effects with stimuli that are most appropriate for ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
SAD Kinases Sculpt Axonal Arbors of Sensory Neurons through
... protein levels. Second, short-duration NT-3/TrkC signals transiently activate SADs by inducing dephosphorylation of C-terminal domains, thereby allowing activating phosphorylation of the kinase domain. We propose that SAD kinases integrate long- and short-duration signals from extrinsic cues to scul ...
... protein levels. Second, short-duration NT-3/TrkC signals transiently activate SADs by inducing dephosphorylation of C-terminal domains, thereby allowing activating phosphorylation of the kinase domain. We propose that SAD kinases integrate long- and short-duration signals from extrinsic cues to scul ...
Change of vanilloid receptor 1 expression in dorsal root ganglion
... pain in rats [6,7]. Our results confirm the role of VR1 during this period of hyperalgesia. From day 1 to day 21 after CFA injection into the hind paw of rats (Fig. 1), VR1 expression in DRG and the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-po ...
... pain in rats [6,7]. Our results confirm the role of VR1 during this period of hyperalgesia. From day 1 to day 21 after CFA injection into the hind paw of rats (Fig. 1), VR1 expression in DRG and the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-po ...