Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing
... DV ! #5.0 to #5.5 mm]. Two additional holes were drilled above the cerebral cortex for insertion of a ground wire and thermocouple. Procedure. As described previously (Blumberg et al. 2015), electrophysiological recordings were performed in a stereotaxic apparatus with the animal’s torso secured to ...
... DV ! #5.0 to #5.5 mm]. Two additional holes were drilled above the cerebral cortex for insertion of a ground wire and thermocouple. Procedure. As described previously (Blumberg et al. 2015), electrophysiological recordings were performed in a stereotaxic apparatus with the animal’s torso secured to ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... We measured visually driven responses by correlating spike times with the stimulus, thereby generating fullfield impulse response functions (Reid et al., 1997; Figures 3B, 6A, and 7A–7C). These functions can be thought of as the average firing rate of the neuron, above or below the mean, following t ...
... We measured visually driven responses by correlating spike times with the stimulus, thereby generating fullfield impulse response functions (Reid et al., 1997; Figures 3B, 6A, and 7A–7C). These functions can be thought of as the average firing rate of the neuron, above or below the mean, following t ...
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... the central auditory pathway. The type of somatosensory information carried by these projections, however, is not entirely clear, but current data imply that cues conveying head and pinna position are used for processing acoustic information, perhaps in terms of orienting to a sound source (Young et ...
... the central auditory pathway. The type of somatosensory information carried by these projections, however, is not entirely clear, but current data imply that cues conveying head and pinna position are used for processing acoustic information, perhaps in terms of orienting to a sound source (Young et ...
- Valiente Lab
... We reasoned that if Nrg1 and ErbB4 signalling contributes to the establishment of GABAergic synapses, then conditional mutants lacking ErbB4 from cortical interneurons (IN-Erbb4) should perhaps display functional abnormalities. To test this hypothesis, we first performed control experiments to verif ...
... We reasoned that if Nrg1 and ErbB4 signalling contributes to the establishment of GABAergic synapses, then conditional mutants lacking ErbB4 from cortical interneurons (IN-Erbb4) should perhaps display functional abnormalities. To test this hypothesis, we first performed control experiments to verif ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... fire at an elevated rate when the concept is perceived or in STM. An alternative to population coding is that a single cell represents a concept, commonly known as the grandmother cell (Barlow, 1972). However, a single neuron can not represent a concept because neurons die, and one would lose the co ...
... fire at an elevated rate when the concept is perceived or in STM. An alternative to population coding is that a single cell represents a concept, commonly known as the grandmother cell (Barlow, 1972). However, a single neuron can not represent a concept because neurons die, and one would lose the co ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... therefore, has a characteristic combinatorial expression of the transcription factors SOX5, CTIP2, and TBR1: (1) SP neurons express an intermediate level of SOX5, a high level of TBR1, and a low level of CTIP2; (2) CTh neurons in layer VI strongly express SOX5 and TBR1 and little CTIP2; and (3) subc ...
... therefore, has a characteristic combinatorial expression of the transcription factors SOX5, CTIP2, and TBR1: (1) SP neurons express an intermediate level of SOX5, a high level of TBR1, and a low level of CTIP2; (2) CTh neurons in layer VI strongly express SOX5 and TBR1 and little CTIP2; and (3) subc ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... nerve branches, single constant current pulses (0.2 ms; 8 –12 A) across suction electrodes (120 –150 m ID) were used. The use of suction electrodes facilitated the isolation of individual nerve branches and minimized false negative or false positive results (see Straka et al. 1997, 2002b). Constan ...
... nerve branches, single constant current pulses (0.2 ms; 8 –12 A) across suction electrodes (120 –150 m ID) were used. The use of suction electrodes facilitated the isolation of individual nerve branches and minimized false negative or false positive results (see Straka et al. 1997, 2002b). Constan ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) neurons (Figure 2A) [39]. Recently, a subgroup of neurons in LHA was identified to expresses LepRb, but not orexin/ ...
... (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesolimbic VTA (ventral tegmental area) DA (dopaminergic) neurons (Figure 2A) [39]. Recently, a subgroup of neurons in LHA was identified to expresses LepRb, but not orexin/ ...
Reward and Aversion
... of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitter type, and neural connectivity. DA neurons are much more diverse than originally thought, ...
... of the above components DA signals has just started. Furthermore, the field has begun to appreciate the huge degree of heterogeneity in the reward system in terms of functionality, cell composition, transmitter type, and neural connectivity. DA neurons are much more diverse than originally thought, ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... W hole-cell recording in cultured neurons. Neurons were recorded with patch pipettes (4 – 6 MV size tip). An EPC7 amplifier was used with Axodata and IgorPro software. T wo types of whole-cell recording were used. In conventional recordings, after obtaining a gigaohm seal on the membrane, negative p ...
... W hole-cell recording in cultured neurons. Neurons were recorded with patch pipettes (4 – 6 MV size tip). An EPC7 amplifier was used with Axodata and IgorPro software. T wo types of whole-cell recording were used. In conventional recordings, after obtaining a gigaohm seal on the membrane, negative p ...
Prosjektoppgave - Mirror neurons_ver4.2
... movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neurons showed any activity during the observation phase (3). Furthermore, because the monkey would usually be watching its own movements, the behavior the recorded neurons display ...
... movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neurons showed any activity during the observation phase (3). Furthermore, because the monkey would usually be watching its own movements, the behavior the recorded neurons display ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... weigh multiple possible outcomes against current and long term goals before deciding on a course of action. Possible outcomes can be grouped into the probability of obtaining something rewarding or avoiding an outcome that is negative or punishing. Although an established body of literature has exte ...
... weigh multiple possible outcomes against current and long term goals before deciding on a course of action. Possible outcomes can be grouped into the probability of obtaining something rewarding or avoiding an outcome that is negative or punishing. Although an established body of literature has exte ...
Amyloid-Beta Induced Changes in Vesicular Transport of BDNF in
... which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important growth factor in the CNS. Deficits in transport of this secretory protein could underlie neurodegenera ...
... which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important growth factor in the CNS. Deficits in transport of this secretory protein could underlie neurodegenera ...
Zinc Neurotoxicity and its Role in Neurodegenerative Diseases
... ischemia induces delayed neuronal death, the development of an infarct, and subsequent cognitive dysfunction, which are believed to be based on pathogenesis of vascular dementia in elderly people.17) In response to ischemia, an excitatory neurotransmitter — glutamate — is released from nerve termina ...
... ischemia induces delayed neuronal death, the development of an infarct, and subsequent cognitive dysfunction, which are believed to be based on pathogenesis of vascular dementia in elderly people.17) In response to ischemia, an excitatory neurotransmitter — glutamate — is released from nerve termina ...
Simulating Populations of Neurons - Leeds VLE
... understand the more we come to realise the magnitude of this undertaking. As there are billions of neurons separated by different classes with even more connections of differing types, a top down approach has to be taken. We can only begin to try to replicate processes once the architecture of the b ...
... understand the more we come to realise the magnitude of this undertaking. As there are billions of neurons separated by different classes with even more connections of differing types, a top down approach has to be taken. We can only begin to try to replicate processes once the architecture of the b ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... the ipsilateral inferior olive (-nucleus and dorsomedial cell column) as well as the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. These olivary neurons are the exclusive source of vestibularly modulated climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum. We recorded the activity of Psol neurons during natural vesti ...
... the ipsilateral inferior olive (-nucleus and dorsomedial cell column) as well as the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. These olivary neurons are the exclusive source of vestibularly modulated climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum. We recorded the activity of Psol neurons during natural vesti ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perimentation was approved by the University the two slices. The oval dots represent GnRH neurons. C, Photograph of a brain slice ...
... control GnRH-GFP-Gpr54 ⫹/⫹ mice. All exand location of the two slices used. B, Schematic three-dimensional view of the relevant structures and cell types contained within perimentation was approved by the University the two slices. The oval dots represent GnRH neurons. C, Photograph of a brain slice ...
Mapping the Brain
... and local neurons)14. In each group, neurons were subdivided into unique types with similar morphologies and connections, collapsing the wiring diagram from 302 neurons to 119 neuronal types. The flow of information through chemical synapses is predominantly from sensory to interneuron to motor neur ...
... and local neurons)14. In each group, neurons were subdivided into unique types with similar morphologies and connections, collapsing the wiring diagram from 302 neurons to 119 neuronal types. The flow of information through chemical synapses is predominantly from sensory to interneuron to motor neur ...
Synchronization of Fast (30-40 Hz)
... (15 mgikg, i.m.), followed by pentobarbital (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Buprenorphine (0.03 mgikg, i.m.) was given every 12 hr during the first postoperative day to prevent pain after surgery. An antibiotic (bicillin) was injected intramuscularly for 3 d, postoperatively. Recordings began 1 week after surgery ...
... (15 mgikg, i.m.), followed by pentobarbital (25 mg/kg, i.p.). Buprenorphine (0.03 mgikg, i.m.) was given every 12 hr during the first postoperative day to prevent pain after surgery. An antibiotic (bicillin) was injected intramuscularly for 3 d, postoperatively. Recordings began 1 week after surgery ...
Pallidal Origin of GABA Release within the Substantia Nigra Pars
... High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (HFS-STN) is an effective treatment for alleviating the motor symptoms of parkinsonian patients. However, the neurochemical basis of its effects remains unknown. We showed previously that 1 h of HFS-STN in normal rats increases extracellular glut ...
... High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (HFS-STN) is an effective treatment for alleviating the motor symptoms of parkinsonian patients. However, the neurochemical basis of its effects remains unknown. We showed previously that 1 h of HFS-STN in normal rats increases extracellular glut ...
Hrk/DP5 contributes to the apoptosis of select neuronal populations
... of haematopoietic progenitors. (A) Foetal liver cells from E13.5 wt, Hrk+/– and Hrk–/– embryos were plated in soft agar and colonies scored 7 days after the addition of cytokines. Cytokines were added to the cultures at the time of plating (0 hours) or after 24, 48 or 72 hours. Data are the mean ± s ...
... of haematopoietic progenitors. (A) Foetal liver cells from E13.5 wt, Hrk+/– and Hrk–/– embryos were plated in soft agar and colonies scored 7 days after the addition of cytokines. Cytokines were added to the cultures at the time of plating (0 hours) or after 24, 48 or 72 hours. Data are the mean ± s ...
How do neurons communicate?
... see depolarization (change from negative inside neuron to more positive) ◦ “threshold” – if a great enough depolarization occurs, an action potential will occur ◦ action potential – very quick – milliseconds Other terms – spike, firing, generating an AP ...
... see depolarization (change from negative inside neuron to more positive) ◦ “threshold” – if a great enough depolarization occurs, an action potential will occur ◦ action potential – very quick – milliseconds Other terms – spike, firing, generating an AP ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...