Cells
... of your life, both into and out of each cell: This is not a random process! Each cell has a variety of different processes to regulate this exchange so that The right materials cross the membrane In the right concentrations At the right time In the right direction etc. ...
... of your life, both into and out of each cell: This is not a random process! Each cell has a variety of different processes to regulate this exchange so that The right materials cross the membrane In the right concentrations At the right time In the right direction etc. ...
Chapter 8
... to the axon-terminal end is typically one-way because the absolute refractory period follows along in the “wake” of the moving action potential. ...
... to the axon-terminal end is typically one-way because the absolute refractory period follows along in the “wake” of the moving action potential. ...
power point for chap 11
... • Movement is along their electrochemical gradients • An electrical current is created ...
... • Movement is along their electrochemical gradients • An electrical current is created ...
CHAPTER NINE: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... iii. Mechanically gated channelopen and close in response to physical deformation of receptors b. When gated channels are _______ i. Ions diffuse quickly across the membrane along their electrochemical gradients 1. Chemical gradients go from high to low 2. Electrical gradients go from low to high ii ...
... iii. Mechanically gated channelopen and close in response to physical deformation of receptors b. When gated channels are _______ i. Ions diffuse quickly across the membrane along their electrochemical gradients 1. Chemical gradients go from high to low 2. Electrical gradients go from low to high ii ...
Lab 11 Nervous System I
... 3. Will the outflow of potassium make the inside of the membrane more negative or positive? ...
... 3. Will the outflow of potassium make the inside of the membrane more negative or positive? ...
The Nervous System
... • The nervous system is composed of neurons and supporting cells. • Membrane potentials arise from differences in ion concentrations between a cell’s contents and the extracellular fluid. • An action potential is an all-or-none change in the membrane potential. • Action potentials travel along an ax ...
... • The nervous system is composed of neurons and supporting cells. • Membrane potentials arise from differences in ion concentrations between a cell’s contents and the extracellular fluid. • An action potential is an all-or-none change in the membrane potential. • Action potentials travel along an ax ...
突觸與神經訊號傳遞 - 國立交通大學開放式課程
... (a) Graded hyperpolarizations produced by two stimuli that increase membrane permeability to K ...
... (a) Graded hyperpolarizations produced by two stimuli that increase membrane permeability to K ...
Essentials of Anatony and Physiology, 5e (Martini
... Neuroglia that secret cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are called… Clusters of neuron cell bodies form… Bundles of axons form… The membrane potential of a neuron is dependent on which contributing factors? What is the resting potential of a neuron? Tetrodotoxin prevents sodium channels from opening. What e ...
... Neuroglia that secret cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are called… Clusters of neuron cell bodies form… Bundles of axons form… The membrane potential of a neuron is dependent on which contributing factors? What is the resting potential of a neuron? Tetrodotoxin prevents sodium channels from opening. What e ...
The Nervous System
... • The nervous system is composed of neurons and supporting cells. • Membrane potentials arise from differences in ion concentrations between a cell’s contents and the extracellular fluid. • An action potential is an all-or-none change in the membrane potential. • Action potentials travel along an ax ...
... • The nervous system is composed of neurons and supporting cells. • Membrane potentials arise from differences in ion concentrations between a cell’s contents and the extracellular fluid. • An action potential is an all-or-none change in the membrane potential. • Action potentials travel along an ax ...
nerve local potentials and action potentials - Peer
... The inside of a neuron is typically -60 mV (resting membrane potential) which means that it is more negative than the extracellular fluid by 60 mV. This means the cell is polarized. When a ligand-gated Na+ channel opens, Na+ diffuses down its concentration gradient and enters the cell. Since Na+ ion ...
... The inside of a neuron is typically -60 mV (resting membrane potential) which means that it is more negative than the extracellular fluid by 60 mV. This means the cell is polarized. When a ligand-gated Na+ channel opens, Na+ diffuses down its concentration gradient and enters the cell. Since Na+ ion ...
Chapter 12: Neural Tissue
... 1. Concentration gradient of ions (Na , K ) 2. Selectively permeable through channels 3. Maintains charge difference across membrane (resting potential —70 mV) ...
... 1. Concentration gradient of ions (Na , K ) 2. Selectively permeable through channels 3. Maintains charge difference across membrane (resting potential —70 mV) ...
The Nervous System: Neural Tissue
... 3. This chemical imbalance allows the __________________ charge to travel __________________ the __________________ of the __________________. 4. __________________ along the cell membrane, called __________________ __________________ __________________, actively transport __________________of the ...
... 3. This chemical imbalance allows the __________________ charge to travel __________________ the __________________ of the __________________. 4. __________________ along the cell membrane, called __________________ __________________ __________________, actively transport __________________of the ...
12 Steps to Muscle Contraction
... 1. A nerve impulse travels to the neuromuscular junction on a muscle cell. The neuromuscular junction is the point where the axons of the nerve meet with the muscle cell. 2. Ach is released from the axon to receptors located on the sarcolemma 3. The binding Ach causes depolarization of the sarcolemm ...
... 1. A nerve impulse travels to the neuromuscular junction on a muscle cell. The neuromuscular junction is the point where the axons of the nerve meet with the muscle cell. 2. Ach is released from the axon to receptors located on the sarcolemma 3. The binding Ach causes depolarization of the sarcolemm ...
Dynamic Range Analysis of HH Model for Excitable Neurons
... Huxley described as the leak current, IL, which was assumed mostly made up of chloride ions [7]. The sodium and potassium conductances are variable and depend on voltage across the membrane. Since their properties change with the voltage across the membrane, they are treated as active rather than pa ...
... Huxley described as the leak current, IL, which was assumed mostly made up of chloride ions [7]. The sodium and potassium conductances are variable and depend on voltage across the membrane. Since their properties change with the voltage across the membrane, they are treated as active rather than pa ...
Introduction to the Nervous System Guided Notes are masses of
... (3) ______________________ - Most located in brain and spinal cord. These are responsible for the distribution of _________________ information and the coordination of _______________ activity. They are also involved in higher functions, such as ________________, planning, and ____________________. ...
... (3) ______________________ - Most located in brain and spinal cord. These are responsible for the distribution of _________________ information and the coordination of _______________ activity. They are also involved in higher functions, such as ________________, planning, and ____________________. ...
File
... artificial membrane that separates two chambers. • At equilibrium, both the electrical and chemical gradients are balanced. • In a resting neuron, the currents of K+ and Na+ are equal and opposite, and the resting potential across the membrane remains steady. ...
... artificial membrane that separates two chambers. • At equilibrium, both the electrical and chemical gradients are balanced. • In a resting neuron, the currents of K+ and Na+ are equal and opposite, and the resting potential across the membrane remains steady. ...
Name Nervous System Questions 1. When a neuron is at its resting
... 2. Which of the following events is the first to occur during an action potential? A. Sodium ions flow into the neuron, making the inside of the neuron positively charged relative to the outside. B. Sodium channels close. C. Potassium ions flow out of the neuron. D. Potassium channels open. E. Sodiu ...
... 2. Which of the following events is the first to occur during an action potential? A. Sodium ions flow into the neuron, making the inside of the neuron positively charged relative to the outside. B. Sodium channels close. C. Potassium ions flow out of the neuron. D. Potassium channels open. E. Sodiu ...
Chapter 3 Notes (part 1) 1. Basic Elements of the Nervous System (a
... 1. Basic Elements of the Nervous System (a) The Neuron i. Functional Cells of the Nervous System A. exchange of information via electrochemical transmission B. electrical signals travel from axon hillock to axon terminal C. secretion of chemical neurotransmitters either excites or inhibits other neu ...
... 1. Basic Elements of the Nervous System (a) The Neuron i. Functional Cells of the Nervous System A. exchange of information via electrochemical transmission B. electrical signals travel from axon hillock to axon terminal C. secretion of chemical neurotransmitters either excites or inhibits other neu ...
Study Guide 1
... 14. What is the difference between an action potential and an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)? 15. What is an ion channel? What is the difference between a ligand-gated (chemical-gated) channel and a voltage-gated channel? 16. What is the absolute refractory period of a neuron? The relati ...
... 14. What is the difference between an action potential and an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)? 15. What is an ion channel? What is the difference between a ligand-gated (chemical-gated) channel and a voltage-gated channel? 16. What is the absolute refractory period of a neuron? The relati ...
Nervous System
... while others do not get through. Important ions to be concerned with are Na+, K+, Cl- ,and anions-. 2. There are differences in concentration of these various ions between the inside and outside of the cell, so there are conc. gradients for each of these ions across the cell membrane. 3. There i ...
... while others do not get through. Important ions to be concerned with are Na+, K+, Cl- ,and anions-. 2. There are differences in concentration of these various ions between the inside and outside of the cell, so there are conc. gradients for each of these ions across the cell membrane. 3. There i ...
Neuroanatomy Handout #1: The Motor Neuron
... ions out of the cell while drawing in two potassium ions. – helps to maintain the electrical gradient • The electrical gradient and the concentration gradient work to pull sodium ions into the cell. • The electrical gradient tends to pull potassium ions into the cells. ...
... ions out of the cell while drawing in two potassium ions. – helps to maintain the electrical gradient • The electrical gradient and the concentration gradient work to pull sodium ions into the cell. • The electrical gradient tends to pull potassium ions into the cells. ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).