Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole`s Human Anatomy and Physiology
... 1. A resting nerve cell is not being stimulated to send a nerve impulse. 2. At rest, a cell membrane gets a slight surplus of positive charges outside, and inside reflects a slight negative surplus of impermeable negatively charged ions because the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium ions t ...
... 1. A resting nerve cell is not being stimulated to send a nerve impulse. 2. At rest, a cell membrane gets a slight surplus of positive charges outside, and inside reflects a slight negative surplus of impermeable negatively charged ions because the cell membrane is more permeable to potassium ions t ...
Week 2 Lecture Notes
... Ek = (RT/zF) loge([K+]o/[K+]i) Where T is temp in kevin, z is valence (+ is 1) F is faraday's constant, [K+]o and [K+]i are concentrations outside and inside the axon. Ek = 59.8 log10(20/400) = -75 mV ...
... Ek = (RT/zF) loge([K+]o/[K+]i) Where T is temp in kevin, z is valence (+ is 1) F is faraday's constant, [K+]o and [K+]i are concentrations outside and inside the axon. Ek = 59.8 log10(20/400) = -75 mV ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Membrane potential (-70mV) is created and maintained by NaK pump - uses ATP to maintain a higher Na+ [ion] outside the neuron and a higher [K+] ion concentration inside. Also inside of neuron has large negative anions. Membrane is not permeable to large anions, but there are specific channels for N ...
... Membrane potential (-70mV) is created and maintained by NaK pump - uses ATP to maintain a higher Na+ [ion] outside the neuron and a higher [K+] ion concentration inside. Also inside of neuron has large negative anions. Membrane is not permeable to large anions, but there are specific channels for N ...
Document
... Hair cells are specialized so that motion of their stereocilia changes their electrical potential, resulting in neurotransmitter release and action potentials in the nerve fibers that contact the hair cells. ...
... Hair cells are specialized so that motion of their stereocilia changes their electrical potential, resulting in neurotransmitter release and action potentials in the nerve fibers that contact the hair cells. ...
Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
... Consider two chambers separated by an artificial membrane containing many open ion channels, all of which allow only K+ to diffuse across. o We place a solution of 140 mM potassium chloride (KCl) in the inner chamber and 5 mM KCl in the outer chamber. o The K+ ions will diffuse down their concentrat ...
... Consider two chambers separated by an artificial membrane containing many open ion channels, all of which allow only K+ to diffuse across. o We place a solution of 140 mM potassium chloride (KCl) in the inner chamber and 5 mM KCl in the outer chamber. o The K+ ions will diffuse down their concentrat ...
Chapter 10: Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function
... 4. Synaptic transmission is the process by which the impulse in the presynaptic neuron signals the postsynaptic neuron. 5. An impulse travels along an axon to the axon terminals. 6. The synaptic knobs of axons contain sacs called synaptic vesicles. 7. Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters. 8. ...
... 4. Synaptic transmission is the process by which the impulse in the presynaptic neuron signals the postsynaptic neuron. 5. An impulse travels along an axon to the axon terminals. 6. The synaptic knobs of axons contain sacs called synaptic vesicles. 7. Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters. 8. ...
Cognitive neuroscience lecture
... neurotransmitter (NT) 2. Storage and transport of NT within vesicles 3. NT Release 4. Activation of postsynaptic receptors 5. Termination of transmitter effect (e.g. reuptake) ...
... neurotransmitter (NT) 2. Storage and transport of NT within vesicles 3. NT Release 4. Activation of postsynaptic receptors 5. Termination of transmitter effect (e.g. reuptake) ...
Document
... *in a resting cell, more positive ions leave the cell than enter it, so the inside of the cell membrane develops a negative charge with respect to the outside; this takes ATP to occur *difference in electrical charge between 2 points is measured in volts – represents stored electrical e’ *membrane p ...
... *in a resting cell, more positive ions leave the cell than enter it, so the inside of the cell membrane develops a negative charge with respect to the outside; this takes ATP to occur *difference in electrical charge between 2 points is measured in volts – represents stored electrical e’ *membrane p ...
A. What is a neuron? 1. A neuron is a type of cell that receives and
... 8. After the action potential, the neuron has more Na+ and fewer K+ ions inside for a short period (this is soon adjusted by the sodium-potassium pumps to the neuron's original concentration gradient). 9. Local anesthetic drugs (e.g., Novocain, Xylocaine, etc.) hinder the occurrence of action poten ...
... 8. After the action potential, the neuron has more Na+ and fewer K+ ions inside for a short period (this is soon adjusted by the sodium-potassium pumps to the neuron's original concentration gradient). 9. Local anesthetic drugs (e.g., Novocain, Xylocaine, etc.) hinder the occurrence of action poten ...
Document
... __B__9. What is the function of neurotransmitters? a. builds new neurons b. chemically link neurons across the synapse to conduct impulses c. push sodium ions across the plasma membrane d. increases the speed of the impulse along the axon __B__10. The minimum level of a stimulus that is required to ...
... __B__9. What is the function of neurotransmitters? a. builds new neurons b. chemically link neurons across the synapse to conduct impulses c. push sodium ions across the plasma membrane d. increases the speed of the impulse along the axon __B__10. The minimum level of a stimulus that is required to ...
ch 48 clicker questions
... The use of organophosphate pesticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, could cause skeletal muscle cells to a) undergo more graded depolarizations, because acetylcholine would remain in the synaptic cleft longer. b) undergo more graded hyperpolarizations, ...
... The use of organophosphate pesticides that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, could cause skeletal muscle cells to a) undergo more graded depolarizations, because acetylcholine would remain in the synaptic cleft longer. b) undergo more graded hyperpolarizations, ...
Unit 1 Practice
... 4. In your study of aggression, you decided to measure aggression as the number of times your subjects hit a Bobo doll within a 5-minute time frame. In this case you have ____________ defined the abstract idea of “aggression.” a. vaguely b. operationally c. mistakenly d. accurately 5. Experiments at ...
... 4. In your study of aggression, you decided to measure aggression as the number of times your subjects hit a Bobo doll within a 5-minute time frame. In this case you have ____________ defined the abstract idea of “aggression.” a. vaguely b. operationally c. mistakenly d. accurately 5. Experiments at ...
Slide 1
... Some neurotransmitters are inhibitory whereas others are excitatory, so the postsynaptic cell may be stimulated or it may be inhibited depending on the neurotransmitter. ...
... Some neurotransmitters are inhibitory whereas others are excitatory, so the postsynaptic cell may be stimulated or it may be inhibited depending on the neurotransmitter. ...
Biopsychology 2012 – sec 002
... positively charged ions, sodium and potassium; anions; negatively charged ions, chloride and negatively charged proteins) mostly inside or outside of the neuron. At rest, potassium and protein anions are in high concentration inside the neuron while sodium and chloride are in high concentration outs ...
... positively charged ions, sodium and potassium; anions; negatively charged ions, chloride and negatively charged proteins) mostly inside or outside of the neuron. At rest, potassium and protein anions are in high concentration inside the neuron while sodium and chloride are in high concentration outs ...
Fundamentals of the Nervous System and
... Parallel after-discharge circuits may be involved in complex activities, and are characterized by stimulation of several neurons arranged in parallel arrays by the stimulating neuron. ...
... Parallel after-discharge circuits may be involved in complex activities, and are characterized by stimulation of several neurons arranged in parallel arrays by the stimulating neuron. ...
Module 4 Neural and Hormonal Systems
... Neuron stimulation causes a brief change in electrical charge. If strong enough, this produces depolarization and an action potential. This depolarization produces another action potential a little farther along the axon. Gates in this neighbouring area are now open, and sodium ions rush in. The sod ...
... Neuron stimulation causes a brief change in electrical charge. If strong enough, this produces depolarization and an action potential. This depolarization produces another action potential a little farther along the axon. Gates in this neighbouring area are now open, and sodium ions rush in. The sod ...
Passive Cable Properties of Axons
... the time required for the voltage change across the membrane to reach 1/e = 0.37 of its final value. This time constant of the membrane defines the transient voltage response of a segment of the membrane to a current step in terms of the electrotonic properties of the segment. It is analogous to the ...
... the time required for the voltage change across the membrane to reach 1/e = 0.37 of its final value. This time constant of the membrane defines the transient voltage response of a segment of the membrane to a current step in terms of the electrotonic properties of the segment. It is analogous to the ...
Nervous System Neuron: nerve cell, functional unit of nervous
... Purpose of the refractory period is to make the stimulus reach the end because of the potassium. Parts of axon not covered by myelin the action potential jumps Nodes of Ranvier which have voltage gated channels. This is known as the refractory period. Cell begins to Reset Once refectory, +40 mV is r ...
... Purpose of the refractory period is to make the stimulus reach the end because of the potassium. Parts of axon not covered by myelin the action potential jumps Nodes of Ranvier which have voltage gated channels. This is known as the refractory period. Cell begins to Reset Once refectory, +40 mV is r ...
neurons - haltliappsych
... send enough neurotransmitters to the cell’s dendrites, it reaches it may reach its threshold. • Ions = electrically charged molecules inside and outside each neuron causing a tiny difference in electrical NA+ and charge across the cell K+ ARE membrane. MAJOR PLAYERS! ...
... send enough neurotransmitters to the cell’s dendrites, it reaches it may reach its threshold. • Ions = electrically charged molecules inside and outside each neuron causing a tiny difference in electrical NA+ and charge across the cell K+ ARE membrane. MAJOR PLAYERS! ...
01 - ALCA
... o Ie. Fusion of the ossicles (called otosclerosis o Ie. Ruptured eardrum o Ie. Otitis media ...
... o Ie. Fusion of the ossicles (called otosclerosis o Ie. Ruptured eardrum o Ie. Otitis media ...
The Periodic Table: Chapter 8
... insignificant: 1.02 x 10-10 for Na+ versus 1.38 x 10-10 m for K+. However, the pore (or opening) in sodium channels is just wide enough to accommodate a sodium ion and one associated water molecule. The pore is too small for a watercomplexed potassium ion! Interestingly, potassium channels also use ...
... insignificant: 1.02 x 10-10 for Na+ versus 1.38 x 10-10 m for K+. However, the pore (or opening) in sodium channels is just wide enough to accommodate a sodium ion and one associated water molecule. The pore is too small for a watercomplexed potassium ion! Interestingly, potassium channels also use ...
Brains, Synapses and Neurotransmitters
... Dendrites can grow and change • Make connections to more axons • Might be the basis of learning ...
... Dendrites can grow and change • Make connections to more axons • Might be the basis of learning ...
nervous5
... Some ion Channels that allow flux of Na+ and K+ simultaneously e.g. nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) ...
... Some ion Channels that allow flux of Na+ and K+ simultaneously e.g. nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).