Early Filtrate Processing
... • Here you see sodium channels, along with a sodium/hydrogen countertransport carrier molecule, and two sodium/glucose cotransport carrier molecules. • The activity of all these channels and carrier molecules depends on sodium/potassium ATPase ion pump activity in the basolateral membrane. • Sodium ...
... • Here you see sodium channels, along with a sodium/hydrogen countertransport carrier molecule, and two sodium/glucose cotransport carrier molecules. • The activity of all these channels and carrier molecules depends on sodium/potassium ATPase ion pump activity in the basolateral membrane. • Sodium ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... Page 17. Reabsorption in Ascending Loop of Henle and Early DCT: Luminal Membranes • Label this diagram. Draw arrows to show direction of ion movement: ...
... Page 17. Reabsorption in Ascending Loop of Henle and Early DCT: Luminal Membranes • Label this diagram. Draw arrows to show direction of ion movement: ...
Chapter 2: Neuroscience
... Helps impulses travel quickly Importance of the myelin sheath is seen in ...
... Helps impulses travel quickly Importance of the myelin sheath is seen in ...
Document
... • The action potential is a wave of transient depolarization that travels along the neuron and particularly the axon • Depolarization causes voltage sensitive ion channels to open to propagate depolarization – Na+ flows inward (sodium current) – K+ flows outward (potassium current) • Myelin and Node ...
... • The action potential is a wave of transient depolarization that travels along the neuron and particularly the axon • Depolarization causes voltage sensitive ion channels to open to propagate depolarization – Na+ flows inward (sodium current) – K+ flows outward (potassium current) • Myelin and Node ...
Ear
... from the vestibular system and other sensory systems such as those caused by a stroke, irritation of the labyrinths by infection, or even loose particles of calcium carbonate in the semicircular ducts can induce vertigo, defined as an illusion of movement— usually spinning—that is often accompanied ...
... from the vestibular system and other sensory systems such as those caused by a stroke, irritation of the labyrinths by infection, or even loose particles of calcium carbonate in the semicircular ducts can induce vertigo, defined as an illusion of movement— usually spinning—that is often accompanied ...
Modeling and interpretation of extracellular potentials
... • Neural tissue is a spaghettilike mix of dendrites, axons, glial branches at micrometer scale • In general, the extracellular potential will get contributions from a mix of all these ...
... • Neural tissue is a spaghettilike mix of dendrites, axons, glial branches at micrometer scale • In general, the extracellular potential will get contributions from a mix of all these ...
103 Lecture Ch18b
... • Adrenal corticosteroids are hormones produced in the adrenal glands (located just above the kidneys) • Cortisone (a glucocorticoid) raises the blood glucose level by causing tissues other than the brain to switch to metabolizing fats and proteins; it also suppresses the immune response and can be ...
... • Adrenal corticosteroids are hormones produced in the adrenal glands (located just above the kidneys) • Cortisone (a glucocorticoid) raises the blood glucose level by causing tissues other than the brain to switch to metabolizing fats and proteins; it also suppresses the immune response and can be ...
Electrophysiological characterization of Na transporter
... molecular target for drugs used to treat affective disorders such as depression. SERT belongs to the family ...
... molecular target for drugs used to treat affective disorders such as depression. SERT belongs to the family ...
Quiz Answers
... d) The neuron would integrate the information based upon the summed depolarization that occurs. e) The neuron would short circuit. ...
... d) The neuron would integrate the information based upon the summed depolarization that occurs. e) The neuron would short circuit. ...
Chapter 15 - Marion ISD
... which hairs are embedded, moves with flow of endolymph (fluid) Semicircular canals placed at right angles - detect motion in all directions When cupula moves, hair cells are bent, sending action potential to medulla oblongata and then other areas for interpretation. ...
... which hairs are embedded, moves with flow of endolymph (fluid) Semicircular canals placed at right angles - detect motion in all directions When cupula moves, hair cells are bent, sending action potential to medulla oblongata and then other areas for interpretation. ...
of the smooth muscles
... It is made up of individual units without interconnecting bridges. It is found in structures such as the iris of the eye, in which fine, graded contractions occur. It is not under voluntary control. ...
... It is made up of individual units without interconnecting bridges. It is found in structures such as the iris of the eye, in which fine, graded contractions occur. It is not under voluntary control. ...
The Nervous System - 1
... 1. At axon hillock, if the GPSP is excitatory the voltage gated Na+ channels open, allowing rapid influx of Na+ 2. Membrane is depolarized in the depolarizing phase (rising phase) of the action potential a. ...
... 1. At axon hillock, if the GPSP is excitatory the voltage gated Na+ channels open, allowing rapid influx of Na+ 2. Membrane is depolarized in the depolarizing phase (rising phase) of the action potential a. ...
Spinal Cord and the Peripheral Nervous System
... • Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack and destroy some acetylcholine receptors. • Acetylcholine is therefore less likely to stimulate muscle contraction, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. • Symptoms usually begin in the eyelid and facial muscles, and manife ...
... • Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies attack and destroy some acetylcholine receptors. • Acetylcholine is therefore less likely to stimulate muscle contraction, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. • Symptoms usually begin in the eyelid and facial muscles, and manife ...
Neurotoxicology
... -- myelinopathy -- transmission toxicity – includes alterations in electrical conduction (membrane potentials and action potentials) and synaptic transmission ...
... -- myelinopathy -- transmission toxicity – includes alterations in electrical conduction (membrane potentials and action potentials) and synaptic transmission ...
Neurons and Nervous Systems
... Sodium–potassium pump—moves Na+ ions from inside, exchanges for K+ from outside—establishes concentration gradients The Na+–K+ pump is an antiporter, or sodium–potassium ATPase, as it requires ATP. ...
... Sodium–potassium pump—moves Na+ ions from inside, exchanges for K+ from outside—establishes concentration gradients The Na+–K+ pump is an antiporter, or sodium–potassium ATPase, as it requires ATP. ...
10-1
... 25. This neurotransmitter is produced in quite a few areas of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. It is also a neurohormone released by the hypothalamus. Its principle hormonal role is to inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary. ...
... 25. This neurotransmitter is produced in quite a few areas of the brain, including the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area. It is also a neurohormone released by the hypothalamus. Its principle hormonal role is to inhibit the release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary. ...
NeuralNets
... t=T+ Neuron fires a second set of pulses Due to first excitation • Smaller # of pulses ...
... t=T+ Neuron fires a second set of pulses Due to first excitation • Smaller # of pulses ...
Building Blocks File
... • Used when substances have to get into cells against the concentration gradient • ENERGY is required for this process, in the form of ATP • Integral membrane proteins act as ‘pumps’ to push specific ions and molecules across the membrane ...
... • Used when substances have to get into cells against the concentration gradient • ENERGY is required for this process, in the form of ATP • Integral membrane proteins act as ‘pumps’ to push specific ions and molecules across the membrane ...
chapter 21 electrolyte balance
... • Acidosis results from the accumulation of acids or loss of bases, both of which cause abnormal increases in the hydrogen ion concentrations of body fluids • Alkalosis results from a loss of acids or an accumulation of bases accompanied by a decrease in hydrogen ion concentrations ...
... • Acidosis results from the accumulation of acids or loss of bases, both of which cause abnormal increases in the hydrogen ion concentrations of body fluids • Alkalosis results from a loss of acids or an accumulation of bases accompanied by a decrease in hydrogen ion concentrations ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).