Peripheral part of the vestibular system
... Take an over-the-counter antihistamine, such as meclizine (Antivert), or one containing dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), at least 30 to 60 minutes before you travel. Expect drowsiness as a side effect. Consider scopolamine (Transderm Scop), available in a prescription adhesive patch. Several hours before ...
... Take an over-the-counter antihistamine, such as meclizine (Antivert), or one containing dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), at least 30 to 60 minutes before you travel. Expect drowsiness as a side effect. Consider scopolamine (Transderm Scop), available in a prescription adhesive patch. Several hours before ...
34. Organ of balance and hearing
... Otoliths are located within the matrix of the macula Changing head position produces a change of pressure on the otolith-weighted matrix, stimulating the hair cells that stimulate the receptors of the vestibular nerve Vestibular nerve fibers conduct impulses to the brain and sense head position and ...
... Otoliths are located within the matrix of the macula Changing head position produces a change of pressure on the otolith-weighted matrix, stimulating the hair cells that stimulate the receptors of the vestibular nerve Vestibular nerve fibers conduct impulses to the brain and sense head position and ...
Answer on Question#47890 - Biology - Other
... sarcomeres shorten. Actin and myosin filaments remain the same size – they simply slide past each other, changing their relative position as the muscle contracts and relaxes. Contraction is triggered when an action potential (the electric signal from neurons that tells muscles to contract) reaches t ...
... sarcomeres shorten. Actin and myosin filaments remain the same size – they simply slide past each other, changing their relative position as the muscle contracts and relaxes. Contraction is triggered when an action potential (the electric signal from neurons that tells muscles to contract) reaches t ...
ear
... • Project in 3 different planes • Each contains a semicircular duct • At base is crista ampullaris where sensory hair cells are located ...
... • Project in 3 different planes • Each contains a semicircular duct • At base is crista ampullaris where sensory hair cells are located ...
Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
... ability to divide. We pay a high price for this neuron feature because they cannot be replaced if destroyed. There are exceptions to this rule. For example, olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions contain stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life. (The hippocampus is a brain ...
... ability to divide. We pay a high price for this neuron feature because they cannot be replaced if destroyed. There are exceptions to this rule. For example, olfactory epithelium and some hippocampal regions contain stem cells that can produce new neurons throughout life. (The hippocampus is a brain ...
Special Senses
... vision, hearing, and equilibrium are anatomically distinct from one another and are concentrated in specific locations in the head • In addition to the stimuli and the receptors, there are ...
... vision, hearing, and equilibrium are anatomically distinct from one another and are concentrated in specific locations in the head • In addition to the stimuli and the receptors, there are ...
Ch 48 49 Notes - Dublin City Schools
... • In a mammalian neuron at resting potential, the concentration of K+ is greater inside the cell, while the concentration of Na+ is greater outside the cell • Sodium-potassium pumps use the energy of ATP to maintain these K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane • These concentration gradient ...
... • In a mammalian neuron at resting potential, the concentration of K+ is greater inside the cell, while the concentration of Na+ is greater outside the cell • Sodium-potassium pumps use the energy of ATP to maintain these K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane • These concentration gradient ...
Mathematical neuroscience: from neurons to circuits to systems
... Taken together, the passive and active currents described above comprise the equivalent circuit or parallel conductance model of neural activity shown in Fig. 1c. The equation describing the dynamics of the circuit is a simple instantiation of Kirchoff’s first law: the sum of all currents flowing towar ...
... Taken together, the passive and active currents described above comprise the equivalent circuit or parallel conductance model of neural activity shown in Fig. 1c. The equation describing the dynamics of the circuit is a simple instantiation of Kirchoff’s first law: the sum of all currents flowing towar ...
The formation of urine
... supply energy for active transport) • Carrier molecules move Na+ ions across membranes of the cells lining the nephron • Negative ions (Cl-, HCO3) follow positive ions by charge attraction • Reabsorption occurs until the threshold level of a substance is reached (max. amount of material that can be ...
... supply energy for active transport) • Carrier molecules move Na+ ions across membranes of the cells lining the nephron • Negative ions (Cl-, HCO3) follow positive ions by charge attraction • Reabsorption occurs until the threshold level of a substance is reached (max. amount of material that can be ...
Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... Which of the following is not true regarding a group of end bulbs which affect one post-synaptic site of another neuron: a. each causes a potential of 1mV b. they will be from endings of more than one axon c. only EPSP or IPSP types will be present d. both spatial and temporal methods will be utiliz ...
... Which of the following is not true regarding a group of end bulbs which affect one post-synaptic site of another neuron: a. each causes a potential of 1mV b. they will be from endings of more than one axon c. only EPSP or IPSP types will be present d. both spatial and temporal methods will be utiliz ...
Chapter 54: The Nervous System
... Alligators are among the most interesting of animals for a biologist to study. Their ecology is closely tied to the environment, and their reptilian biology offers an interesting contrast to that of mammals like ourselves. Studies of alligator development offer powerful general lessons well worthy o ...
... Alligators are among the most interesting of animals for a biologist to study. Their ecology is closely tied to the environment, and their reptilian biology offers an interesting contrast to that of mammals like ourselves. Studies of alligator development offer powerful general lessons well worthy o ...
Action potential - Solon City Schools
... different ones send different impulses and need to find receptors – It can either excite (fire) or inhibit (prevent firing) ...
... different ones send different impulses and need to find receptors – It can either excite (fire) or inhibit (prevent firing) ...
Ch. 13 Nervous System Cells Textbook
... to changes that may occur in either the internal or external environment. The nervous and endocrine systems provide this capability. Information originating in sensory nerve endings found in complex special sense organs such as the eye and in simple receptors located in skin or other body tissues pr ...
... to changes that may occur in either the internal or external environment. The nervous and endocrine systems provide this capability. Information originating in sensory nerve endings found in complex special sense organs such as the eye and in simple receptors located in skin or other body tissues pr ...
sense organs
... but the first stage in sensory transduction is the generation of a graded receptor potential. • The magnitude of the stimulus is related to that of the receptor potential which in turn is related to either a) the sequence or frequency of all-or-none action potentials generated in the afferent nerve ...
... but the first stage in sensory transduction is the generation of a graded receptor potential. • The magnitude of the stimulus is related to that of the receptor potential which in turn is related to either a) the sequence or frequency of all-or-none action potentials generated in the afferent nerve ...
ACTION POTENTIAL THRESHOLD OF HIPPOCAMPAL
... any given action potential was increased by other action potentials that occur even as long ago as 1 s. A simple hypothesis to account for these observations is that each action potential results in the activation or inactivation of intrinsic voltage-gated conductances that recover with a relatively ...
... any given action potential was increased by other action potentials that occur even as long ago as 1 s. A simple hypothesis to account for these observations is that each action potential results in the activation or inactivation of intrinsic voltage-gated conductances that recover with a relatively ...
Drugs Acting on the Central and Peripheral Nervous
... Stimulation of a neuron causes depolarization of the nerve, which means that the sodium channels open in response to the stimulus, and sodium ions rush into the cell, following the established concentration gradient. If an electrical monitoring device is attached to the nerve at this point, a positi ...
... Stimulation of a neuron causes depolarization of the nerve, which means that the sodium channels open in response to the stimulus, and sodium ions rush into the cell, following the established concentration gradient. If an electrical monitoring device is attached to the nerve at this point, a positi ...
Teacher`s guide
... cells, called sensory receptors, receive this sensation and turn it into nerve impulses that travel through the neuron. The nerve impulses occur thanks to changes in the concentration of ions located both outside and inside the ...
... cells, called sensory receptors, receive this sensation and turn it into nerve impulses that travel through the neuron. The nerve impulses occur thanks to changes in the concentration of ions located both outside and inside the ...
Synaptic Transmisson
... On the postsynaptic membrane of some synapses, the protein channels carrying chloride ions can be made to open. Thus leads to an influx of chloride ions, making the inside of the postsynaptic membrane even more negative than when it is at resting potential. ...
... On the postsynaptic membrane of some synapses, the protein channels carrying chloride ions can be made to open. Thus leads to an influx of chloride ions, making the inside of the postsynaptic membrane even more negative than when it is at resting potential. ...
Nervous System - Napa Valley College
... It is an all or nothing response – if it is not a great enough stimulation the channels won’t open. The level of the action potential is always the same. The direction is always one way down the axon. The sodium channels are inactivated for awhile after the action potential passes = refractory p ...
... It is an all or nothing response – if it is not a great enough stimulation the channels won’t open. The level of the action potential is always the same. The direction is always one way down the axon. The sodium channels are inactivated for awhile after the action potential passes = refractory p ...
Neuron File
... channels embedded in the membrane to generate intracellular-versus-extracellular concentration differences of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Changes in the cross-membrane voltage can alter the function of voltage-dependent ion channels. If the voltage changes by a large enoug ...
... channels embedded in the membrane to generate intracellular-versus-extracellular concentration differences of ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Changes in the cross-membrane voltage can alter the function of voltage-dependent ion channels. If the voltage changes by a large enoug ...
Supplement to: Modulation of Intracortical Synaptic Potentials by
... Through the investigation of synaptic transmission between pairs of layer 5 pyramidal cells maintained in slices in vitro, we answer all three of these questions. First, we demonstrated that the amplitude of action potential evoked EPSPs between synaptically connected pairs of pyramidal cells is a c ...
... Through the investigation of synaptic transmission between pairs of layer 5 pyramidal cells maintained in slices in vitro, we answer all three of these questions. First, we demonstrated that the amplitude of action potential evoked EPSPs between synaptically connected pairs of pyramidal cells is a c ...
Supplement: Modulation of Intracortical Synaptic Potentials by
... Through the investigation of synaptic transmission between pairs of layer 5 pyramidal cells maintained in slices in vitro, we answer all three of these questions. First, we demonstrated that the amplitude of action potential evoked EPSPs between synaptically connected pairs of pyramidal cells is a c ...
... Through the investigation of synaptic transmission between pairs of layer 5 pyramidal cells maintained in slices in vitro, we answer all three of these questions. First, we demonstrated that the amplitude of action potential evoked EPSPs between synaptically connected pairs of pyramidal cells is a c ...
Nervous System - WordPress.com
... b) light striking the outer segments results in a depolarising receptor potential c) the receptor potentials are all-or-nothing d) rhodopsin is a serpentine receptor e) acetylcholine is released from the synaptic terminal ...
... b) light striking the outer segments results in a depolarising receptor potential c) the receptor potentials are all-or-nothing d) rhodopsin is a serpentine receptor e) acetylcholine is released from the synaptic terminal ...
Neurons and action potential
... 5. Using the voltmeter measure the voltage. If the LED is lit threshold has been reached and that neuron can fire an action potential. 6. Keep adding neurotransmitters and measuring the voltage. If the LED gets brighter the connection between the neurons is strengthened. 7. Graph the voltages. ...
... 5. Using the voltmeter measure the voltage. If the LED is lit threshold has been reached and that neuron can fire an action potential. 6. Keep adding neurotransmitters and measuring the voltage. If the LED gets brighter the connection between the neurons is strengthened. 7. Graph the voltages. ...
Inquiry into Life, Eleventh Edition
... • Intense stimulus causes axon to fire more often in a given time interval • Requires 2 types of gated channel proteins – Sodium channel – Potassium channel ...
... • Intense stimulus causes axon to fire more often in a given time interval • Requires 2 types of gated channel proteins – Sodium channel – Potassium channel ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).