Chapter 3
... occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential (depolarization) and then restore it to the resting state (repolarization). – During an action potential, voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels open in sequence (Figure 12.13). • According to the all-or-none principle, if a sti ...
... occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential (depolarization) and then restore it to the resting state (repolarization). – During an action potential, voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels open in sequence (Figure 12.13). • According to the all-or-none principle, if a sti ...
The role of metal ions in biological oxidation – the past and the present
... for the most stable binding with amino acids. Zn(II) and many other metal ions can also have binding sites on specific proteins. Sodium and potassium ions play very important roles firstly in maintaining membrane potentials, as well as maintaining electric neutrality around macromolecules, proper io ...
... for the most stable binding with amino acids. Zn(II) and many other metal ions can also have binding sites on specific proteins. Sodium and potassium ions play very important roles firstly in maintaining membrane potentials, as well as maintaining electric neutrality around macromolecules, proper io ...
Cochlea and Auditory Pathways
... The nucleus is the source of efferent axons which selectively “tune” the spiral organ for frequency discrimination (e.g., listening to the play of one instrument within an orchestra). (Efferent innervation affects the length of outer hair cells which changes the position of the tectorial membrane wh ...
... The nucleus is the source of efferent axons which selectively “tune” the spiral organ for frequency discrimination (e.g., listening to the play of one instrument within an orchestra). (Efferent innervation affects the length of outer hair cells which changes the position of the tectorial membrane wh ...
I study the neural circuits that move bodies
... A neuron uses this ability to rapidly transmit information down its axon in the form of a positive-feedback loop we call an action potential (sometime abbreviated to AP). Axons express voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) that open when the membrane potential is made more positive (“depolarized”, s ...
... A neuron uses this ability to rapidly transmit information down its axon in the form of a positive-feedback loop we call an action potential (sometime abbreviated to AP). Axons express voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) that open when the membrane potential is made more positive (“depolarized”, s ...
Ion Channels in Bursting Neurons
... choice of the squid giant axon as the subject of the experiments. This experimental preparation was chosen by Hodgkin and Huxley principally because the giant size of the squid’s axon made the insertion of multiple electrodes possible. However, there is another reason that the choice of the squid ax ...
... choice of the squid giant axon as the subject of the experiments. This experimental preparation was chosen by Hodgkin and Huxley principally because the giant size of the squid’s axon made the insertion of multiple electrodes possible. However, there is another reason that the choice of the squid ax ...
Hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in cultured Aplysia sensory
... Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) mediates cell death in many neuronal cells [1,9,16,18,37]. To induce the cell death of Aplysia neurons, cultured Aplysia sensory neurons were treated with 1 mM H 2 O 2 for 3 h. TUNEL staining was used to detect endonucleolysis, and propidium iodide (PI) staining method, ...
... Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) mediates cell death in many neuronal cells [1,9,16,18,37]. To induce the cell death of Aplysia neurons, cultured Aplysia sensory neurons were treated with 1 mM H 2 O 2 for 3 h. TUNEL staining was used to detect endonucleolysis, and propidium iodide (PI) staining method, ...
Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... havefed on the dinoflagellatesduring a red tide causes paralyticshellfish poisoning. Cocaine, the active substanceisolatedfrom coca leaves, was the first substanceto be used as a local anesthetic. It also blocks Na+ channels but with a lower affinity and specificity than tetrodotoxin. Tetraethylammo ...
... havefed on the dinoflagellatesduring a red tide causes paralyticshellfish poisoning. Cocaine, the active substanceisolatedfrom coca leaves, was the first substanceto be used as a local anesthetic. It also blocks Na+ channels but with a lower affinity and specificity than tetrodotoxin. Tetraethylammo ...
Ionic Mechanism of the Slow Afterdepolarization Induced by
... effect on the direct muscarinic receptor-induced depolarization also seen in these cells. These results, coupled to the previous observation that calcium channel blockers inhibit the sADP, indicated that the sADP results from a rise in intracellular calcium secondary to calcium influx into the cell. ...
... effect on the direct muscarinic receptor-induced depolarization also seen in these cells. These results, coupled to the previous observation that calcium channel blockers inhibit the sADP, indicated that the sADP results from a rise in intracellular calcium secondary to calcium influx into the cell. ...
Ch 48 Nervous System
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
The Neuron - UPM EduTrain Interactive Learning
... out neurotransmitters - Termination of postsynaptic potentials The cell body of the neuron is always working to manufacture more of the neurotransmitter substance Unused neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft may be broken down into their component molecules and reclaimed by the axon terminal t ...
... out neurotransmitters - Termination of postsynaptic potentials The cell body of the neuron is always working to manufacture more of the neurotransmitter substance Unused neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft may be broken down into their component molecules and reclaimed by the axon terminal t ...
Nervous System I
... A neuron may have many dendrites, but only one axon. In most neurons the axon arises from the cell body as a coneshaped thickening called the axon hillock. The cytoplasm of the axon includes many mitochondria, microtubules, and neurofibrils (ribosomes are found only in the cell body). The axon may g ...
... A neuron may have many dendrites, but only one axon. In most neurons the axon arises from the cell body as a coneshaped thickening called the axon hillock. The cytoplasm of the axon includes many mitochondria, microtubules, and neurofibrils (ribosomes are found only in the cell body). The axon may g ...
PowerPoint 演示文稿 - Shandong University
... but the first stage in sensory transduction is the generation of a graded receptor potential. • The magnitude of the stimulus is related to that of the receptor potential which in turn is related to either a) the sequence or frequency of all-or-none action potentials generated in the afferent nerve ...
... but the first stage in sensory transduction is the generation of a graded receptor potential. • The magnitude of the stimulus is related to that of the receptor potential which in turn is related to either a) the sequence or frequency of all-or-none action potentials generated in the afferent nerve ...
resting membrane potential
... • A solution must have an equal number of positive and negative charges overall, but they can be unevenly distributed, with one region more positive and another more negative • Even when separated, they will tend to flow back toward each other (electric potential, or voltage) • When the oppositely c ...
... • A solution must have an equal number of positive and negative charges overall, but they can be unevenly distributed, with one region more positive and another more negative • Even when separated, they will tend to flow back toward each other (electric potential, or voltage) • When the oppositely c ...
The Special Senses Accessory Structures of the - dr
... (primary visual cortex) (a) The visual fields of the two eyes overlap considerably. Note that fibers from the lateral portion of each retinal field do not cross at the optic chiasma. ...
... (primary visual cortex) (a) The visual fields of the two eyes overlap considerably. Note that fibers from the lateral portion of each retinal field do not cross at the optic chiasma. ...
learning objectives for nervous tissue and nervous system
... 10. Using structural classification, describe the structure and give a location of multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar cells. 11. Using functional classification, describe afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), and association (interneuron) neurons. Neurophysiology 12. As to basic principles of electri ...
... 10. Using structural classification, describe the structure and give a location of multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar cells. 11. Using functional classification, describe afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), and association (interneuron) neurons. Neurophysiology 12. As to basic principles of electri ...
P312Ch11_Auditory III (Coding Frequency And Intensity
... neurons that fired each time the membrane moved. Main problem with this theory: We can perceive sounds whose frequencies are as high as 20,000 Hz, but neurons cannot respond at rates higher than 1000 action potentials per second, if that high. So the theory, unaltered, cannot account for our ability ...
... neurons that fired each time the membrane moved. Main problem with this theory: We can perceive sounds whose frequencies are as high as 20,000 Hz, but neurons cannot respond at rates higher than 1000 action potentials per second, if that high. So the theory, unaltered, cannot account for our ability ...
Renal Physiology 1
... • Can be absorbed by GI tract, products of protein catabolism, or de novo synthesis of nonessential amino acids. • TM values lower than that of glucose, so can excrete excess in urine. • Amino acid transporters rely upon Na+ gradient at apical membrane, but a couple of exceptions don’t. • Exit acros ...
... • Can be absorbed by GI tract, products of protein catabolism, or de novo synthesis of nonessential amino acids. • TM values lower than that of glucose, so can excrete excess in urine. • Amino acid transporters rely upon Na+ gradient at apical membrane, but a couple of exceptions don’t. • Exit acros ...
Text S1.
... process through long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). It is assumed that these synaptic weights have been set through repeated presentations of p different stimuli in random sequences. This scenario leads to the recurrent connections between cells within the same selective sub ...
... process through long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). It is assumed that these synaptic weights have been set through repeated presentations of p different stimuli in random sequences. This scenario leads to the recurrent connections between cells within the same selective sub ...
Renal Physiology - e-safe
... The glomerulus is the filter unit of the nephron. It passively lets water, amino acids, sodium and other free ions pass through its membranes and into the tubule system, but not charged proteins, large proteins or cells. The unique basement membrane, which is at the interface of the capillaries and ...
... The glomerulus is the filter unit of the nephron. It passively lets water, amino acids, sodium and other free ions pass through its membranes and into the tubule system, but not charged proteins, large proteins or cells. The unique basement membrane, which is at the interface of the capillaries and ...
Unit 3A Nervous System - Teacher Version
... Depolarizes - Sodium (Na+) rushes in creating a positive charge on the inside of the cell membrane. – All or None Response – neurons can only send message in one direction at the same speed and strength – Repolarization - Potassium (K+) flows out of the cell membrane, reversing the polarity – Step 4 ...
... Depolarizes - Sodium (Na+) rushes in creating a positive charge on the inside of the cell membrane. – All or None Response – neurons can only send message in one direction at the same speed and strength – Repolarization - Potassium (K+) flows out of the cell membrane, reversing the polarity – Step 4 ...
31.1 The Neuron - science-b
... allowing positively charged Na+ ions to flow into the cell. The inside of the membrane temporarily becomes more positive than the outside, reversing the resting potential. This reversal of charges, from more negatively charged to more positively charged, is called a nerve impulse, or an action poten ...
... allowing positively charged Na+ ions to flow into the cell. The inside of the membrane temporarily becomes more positive than the outside, reversing the resting potential. This reversal of charges, from more negatively charged to more positively charged, is called a nerve impulse, or an action poten ...
Unit 6 Day 5 Anatomy
... • Resting Potential is the electrochemical condition of the neuron that is not firing. ...
... • Resting Potential is the electrochemical condition of the neuron that is not firing. ...
2011 Schedule
... May 11: Arrival and registration revised 15 April 2011 Evening: 1. Louis De Felice Overview Channels, Receptors and Transporters 2. David Clapham Structure, function, and regulation of Ca++ channels and H+ channels May 12 Morning: 3. Michael Kavanaugh Study of transport proteins by electrophysiology ...
... May 11: Arrival and registration revised 15 April 2011 Evening: 1. Louis De Felice Overview Channels, Receptors and Transporters 2. David Clapham Structure, function, and regulation of Ca++ channels and H+ channels May 12 Morning: 3. Michael Kavanaugh Study of transport proteins by electrophysiology ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).