Bioelectric Phenomena
... In France, Charles F. DuFay, a member of the French Academy of Science, was intrigued by Gray’s experiments. DuFay showed by extensive tests that practically all materials, with the exception of metals and those too soft or fluid to be rubbed, could be electrified. Later, however, he discovered that ...
... In France, Charles F. DuFay, a member of the French Academy of Science, was intrigued by Gray’s experiments. DuFay showed by extensive tests that practically all materials, with the exception of metals and those too soft or fluid to be rubbed, could be electrified. Later, however, he discovered that ...
An introduction to hearing
... Hair cell tuning • each hair cell tuned to characteristic frequency of basilar membrane at that position – successive hair cells differ in tuning by 0.2% (piano notes differ by 6%) – tuning curves show the SPL required for 1mV depolarisation ...
... Hair cell tuning • each hair cell tuned to characteristic frequency of basilar membrane at that position – successive hair cells differ in tuning by 0.2% (piano notes differ by 6%) – tuning curves show the SPL required for 1mV depolarisation ...
Notes - Scioly.org
... adjacent to blood vessels, their foot processes wrapping around them. The astrocytes foot processes and capillary walls separate the blood from the neurons- this is known as the blood-brain barrier. This protects the brain from chemicals and toxic substances. Large molecules, drugs, etc. take a long ...
... adjacent to blood vessels, their foot processes wrapping around them. The astrocytes foot processes and capillary walls separate the blood from the neurons- this is known as the blood-brain barrier. This protects the brain from chemicals and toxic substances. Large molecules, drugs, etc. take a long ...
VESTIBULAR SYSTEM (Balance/Equilibrium) The vestibular
... 1. Arrival time: ex., click sound generated to the left arrives at left ear first 2. Phase difference: ex., continuous sound waves will reach each ear at slightly different phases of the oscillating sound waves - these mechanisms work best with sounds of moderate frequencies 3. Intensity difference: ...
... 1. Arrival time: ex., click sound generated to the left arrives at left ear first 2. Phase difference: ex., continuous sound waves will reach each ear at slightly different phases of the oscillating sound waves - these mechanisms work best with sounds of moderate frequencies 3. Intensity difference: ...
CHAPTER 12- Nervous Tissue
... 19) Which of the following contributes to the maintenance of a resting membrane potential? A) equal distribution of ions across the plasma membrane B) ATPase movement of 2 Na+ into the cell for 3 K+ pushed out of the cell C) presence of negatively charged proteins and phosphates just outside the pl ...
... 19) Which of the following contributes to the maintenance of a resting membrane potential? A) equal distribution of ions across the plasma membrane B) ATPase movement of 2 Na+ into the cell for 3 K+ pushed out of the cell C) presence of negatively charged proteins and phosphates just outside the pl ...
Lecture 08
... Each presynaptic spike causes an EPSP at the postsynaptic site (‘B’). On arrival of many presynaptic spikes in close succession, these EPSPs sum on top of each other and if the cumulative sum crosses the firing threshold θ, neuron generates an output spike (action potential). ...
... Each presynaptic spike causes an EPSP at the postsynaptic site (‘B’). On arrival of many presynaptic spikes in close succession, these EPSPs sum on top of each other and if the cumulative sum crosses the firing threshold θ, neuron generates an output spike (action potential). ...
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EAR
... Approximately 1¼ inch in length “S” shaped Lined with cerumen glands Outer 1/3rd cartilage; inner 2/3rds mastoid bone Increases sound pressure at the tympanic membrane by as much as 5-6 dB (due to acoustic resonance) ...
... Approximately 1¼ inch in length “S” shaped Lined with cerumen glands Outer 1/3rd cartilage; inner 2/3rds mastoid bone Increases sound pressure at the tympanic membrane by as much as 5-6 dB (due to acoustic resonance) ...
Saladin 5e Extended Outline
... 4. Neuron structure varies, and they are classified according to the number of processes extending from the stroma. (Fig. 12.5) a. Multipolar neurons are those with one axon and multiple dendrites; they are the most common type. b. Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite; examples include olf ...
... 4. Neuron structure varies, and they are classified according to the number of processes extending from the stroma. (Fig. 12.5) a. Multipolar neurons are those with one axon and multiple dendrites; they are the most common type. b. Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite; examples include olf ...
K + - CARNES AP BIO
... Transmission of information along neurons and synapses results in a response that can be stimulatory or inhibitory. ...
... Transmission of information along neurons and synapses results in a response that can be stimulatory or inhibitory. ...
Chapter 10 - Nervous System I
... B. Organs of the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. C. The nervous system provides sensory, integrative, and mot ...
... B. Organs of the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (CNS), made up of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. C. The nervous system provides sensory, integrative, and mot ...
A5: Neuropharamcology (student) - Ms De Souza`s Super Awesome
... Inhibitory neurotransmitters – make it more difficult for an action potential to occur in the post synaptic neuron ...
... Inhibitory neurotransmitters – make it more difficult for an action potential to occur in the post synaptic neuron ...
Chapt13 Lecture 13ed Pt 1
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
W7 Lecture
... The electroencephalograph (EEG) is the printout of an electronic device that uses scalp electrodes to monitor the internal neural activity in the brain; this is a record from the parietal or occipital lobes of an awake person. ...
... The electroencephalograph (EEG) is the printout of an electronic device that uses scalp electrodes to monitor the internal neural activity in the brain; this is a record from the parietal or occipital lobes of an awake person. ...
Sample Chapter
... respiration. From here nerve impulses pass to the phrenic and intercostals nerves which stimulate the contraction of diaphragm and intercostals muscles. Vasomotor centre is for control of BP and heart rate. Vomiting center induces vomiting during irritation or inflammation of GI tract. Salivatory nu ...
... respiration. From here nerve impulses pass to the phrenic and intercostals nerves which stimulate the contraction of diaphragm and intercostals muscles. Vasomotor centre is for control of BP and heart rate. Vomiting center induces vomiting during irritation or inflammation of GI tract. Salivatory nu ...
NAS 150 The Skeletal System Brilakis Fall, 2003
... Additional ATP must be synthesized if the contraction is to be sustained. a. Creatine phosphate is made using ATP energy. The P from ATP is transferred to creatine for “safe keeping” and can be summoned when energy is needed. This source of energy lasts about 15 seconds. b. Glycolysis/ anaerobic res ...
... Additional ATP must be synthesized if the contraction is to be sustained. a. Creatine phosphate is made using ATP energy. The P from ATP is transferred to creatine for “safe keeping” and can be summoned when energy is needed. This source of energy lasts about 15 seconds. b. Glycolysis/ anaerobic res ...
neuron
... • electrical potential – a difference in the concentration of charged particles between one point and another • electrical current – flow of charged particles from one point to another – in the body, currents are movement of ions, such as Na+ or K+ through gated channels in the plasma membrane • liv ...
... • electrical potential – a difference in the concentration of charged particles between one point and another • electrical current – flow of charged particles from one point to another – in the body, currents are movement of ions, such as Na+ or K+ through gated channels in the plasma membrane • liv ...
Bio 12 - Test Review..
... Between each myelin sheath is a gap that speeds up action potentials this is called ...
... Between each myelin sheath is a gap that speeds up action potentials this is called ...
action potential
... [Na+]inside < [Na+]outside ; [K+]inside > [K+]outside ; [Cl] and [A ] proteins and other negative ions balance +charges b. resting potential at ‘rest’ only [K+] ‘leaks’ inside outside ; leaving ions inside with -70mV resting potential c. depolarization and hyperpolarization depolarization: membr ...
... [Na+]inside < [Na+]outside ; [K+]inside > [K+]outside ; [Cl] and [A ] proteins and other negative ions balance +charges b. resting potential at ‘rest’ only [K+] ‘leaks’ inside outside ; leaving ions inside with -70mV resting potential c. depolarization and hyperpolarization depolarization: membr ...
Neurons - Cloudfront.net
... The principle way neurons communicate is by generating and propagating ACTION POTENTIALS (AP). Only cells with excitable membranes (like muscle cells and neurons) can generate APs. ...
... The principle way neurons communicate is by generating and propagating ACTION POTENTIALS (AP). Only cells with excitable membranes (like muscle cells and neurons) can generate APs. ...
ppt - Castle High School
... Sodium–potassium pump—moves Na+ ions from inside, exchanges for K+ from outside—establishes concentration gradients The Na+–K+ pump is an antiporter, or sodium–potassium ATPase, as it requires ATP. ...
... Sodium–potassium pump—moves Na+ ions from inside, exchanges for K+ from outside—establishes concentration gradients The Na+–K+ pump is an antiporter, or sodium–potassium ATPase, as it requires ATP. ...
12-4 Membrane Potential
... the plasma membrane is much more permeable to potassium than to sodium. As a result, there are more positive charges outside the plasma membrane. Negatively charged protein molecules within the cytosol cannot cross the plasma membrane, so there are more negative charges on the cytosol side of the pl ...
... the plasma membrane is much more permeable to potassium than to sodium. As a result, there are more positive charges outside the plasma membrane. Negatively charged protein molecules within the cytosol cannot cross the plasma membrane, so there are more negative charges on the cytosol side of the pl ...
Nervous System - Fort Bend ISD
... next Na gates down the line “voltage-gated” channels channel Na+ ions continue to diffuse into cell ...
... next Na gates down the line “voltage-gated” channels channel Na+ ions continue to diffuse into cell ...
neurotransmitters
... Nervous Tissue: Neurons Axons end in axonal terminals Most cells average about 10,000 axon terminals Axon terminals contain vesicles with ...
... Nervous Tissue: Neurons Axons end in axonal terminals Most cells average about 10,000 axon terminals Axon terminals contain vesicles with ...
Neuromuscular Transmission - Dr. Logothetis
... induce rapid changes, within a few milliseconds, in the permeability and potential of the postsynaptic membrane. In contrast, the postsynaptic responses triggered by activation of G protein-coupled receptors occur much more slowly, over seconds or minutes, because these receptors regulate opening an ...
... induce rapid changes, within a few milliseconds, in the permeability and potential of the postsynaptic membrane. In contrast, the postsynaptic responses triggered by activation of G protein-coupled receptors occur much more slowly, over seconds or minutes, because these receptors regulate opening an ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).