Chapter # 6 Frequency Analysis 1. Introduction The transfer function
... Thus, the amplitude plot consists of two straight asymptotic lines: one with zero slope for ω < ωn and the other one with slope −40 dB/decade for ω > ωn, with ωn as the corner frequency. Figure 8 shows the approximate and actual amplitude plots. Note that the actual plot depends on the damping ratio ...
... Thus, the amplitude plot consists of two straight asymptotic lines: one with zero slope for ω < ωn and the other one with slope −40 dB/decade for ω > ωn, with ωn as the corner frequency. Figure 8 shows the approximate and actual amplitude plots. Note that the actual plot depends on the damping ratio ...
PWM
... the current temperature (using an analog-to-digital converter) and then automatically increase/decrease the fan's speed accordingly. ...
... the current temperature (using an analog-to-digital converter) and then automatically increase/decrease the fan's speed accordingly. ...
A Hybrid Analog/Digital Phase-Locked Loop for Frequency Mode
... driven exactly at resonance, since the driving force and response are no longer π/2 out of phase. Thus, while the frequency output of the PLL does change as the tip approaches the surface, the tuning fork is being driven progressively off resonance. This problem is particularly acute for high Q tran ...
... driven exactly at resonance, since the driving force and response are no longer π/2 out of phase. Thus, while the frequency output of the PLL does change as the tip approaches the surface, the tuning fork is being driven progressively off resonance. This problem is particularly acute for high Q tran ...
Reference Oscillator Crystal Requirements for MKW40 and MKW30
... • External load capacitors, when present should be of equal value. • The frequency accuracy of the reference oscillator must be observed to adjust the load and trim capacitance. After a design has been characterized, it is good practice to verify the center frequency as part of the manufacturing fin ...
... • External load capacitors, when present should be of equal value. • The frequency accuracy of the reference oscillator must be observed to adjust the load and trim capacitance. After a design has been characterized, it is good practice to verify the center frequency as part of the manufacturing fin ...
DS709
... The number of output clocks is user-configurable. The maximum number allowed depends upon the selected device and the interaction of the major clocking features you specify. Users can simply input their desired timing parameters (frequency, phase, and duty cycle) and let the clocking wizard select a ...
... The number of output clocks is user-configurable. The maximum number allowed depends upon the selected device and the interaction of the major clocking features you specify. Users can simply input their desired timing parameters (frequency, phase, and duty cycle) and let the clocking wizard select a ...
A 0.6 mW/Gb/s, 6.4–7.2 Gb/s Serial Link Receiver Using Local
... is the single-sided locking range, k is the injection strength defined as the ratio of the injection current and the oscillator curis the frequency difference between and the rent, and injection clock. Fig. 2(b) plots an example of the deskew phase shift along the normalized frequency difference und ...
... is the single-sided locking range, k is the injection strength defined as the ratio of the injection current and the oscillator curis the frequency difference between and the rent, and injection clock. Fig. 2(b) plots an example of the deskew phase shift along the normalized frequency difference und ...
Pierce-Gate Crystal Oscillator, an introduction
... the motional parameters from the crystal manufacturer to check if the assumption that was made is good enough. The typical commodity crystal used in this type of CLOCK has a Trim Sensitivity range of -15 to -30 ppm/pF. We will assume the high end of this range to give ourselves a +/-30 ppm margin on ...
... the motional parameters from the crystal manufacturer to check if the assumption that was made is good enough. The typical commodity crystal used in this type of CLOCK has a Trim Sensitivity range of -15 to -30 ppm/pF. We will assume the high end of this range to give ourselves a +/-30 ppm margin on ...
Calculation of a Shock Response Spectra
... base input (base plate) to a group of independent hypothetical SDOF systems (bodies), which are only different in the natural frequency, see Fig. 1. Damping ratio is typically fixed at a constant value, such as 5%, which is equivalent to the quality factor Q, which equals to 10. An example of the vi ...
... base input (base plate) to a group of independent hypothetical SDOF systems (bodies), which are only different in the natural frequency, see Fig. 1. Damping ratio is typically fixed at a constant value, such as 5%, which is equivalent to the quality factor Q, which equals to 10. An example of the vi ...
EH22815819
... In recent years major concerns of VLSI designers were area, performance, cost and reliability, and power. Power is being most important factor of the in VLSI design. These factors have been the remarkable for success and growth of the systems which demand high-speed and complex functionality with lo ...
... In recent years major concerns of VLSI designers were area, performance, cost and reliability, and power. Power is being most important factor of the in VLSI design. These factors have been the remarkable for success and growth of the systems which demand high-speed and complex functionality with lo ...
PSoC Real-Time Clock Based on Power-Line Frequency
... and consume minimal printed circuit board (PCB) space. An RTC design includes two parts: an oscillator and a counter. Typically, the oscillator uses a 32.768-kHz crystal for frequency generation. The accuracy of the crystalgenerated frequency depends on a number of factors such as aging of the cryst ...
... and consume minimal printed circuit board (PCB) space. An RTC design includes two parts: an oscillator and a counter. Typically, the oscillator uses a 32.768-kHz crystal for frequency generation. The accuracy of the crystalgenerated frequency depends on a number of factors such as aging of the cryst ...
Design and Implementation of Fast Locking and Harmonic
... when multiple output drivers switch simultaneously. The data rate of current DDR3/4 systems is expected to move from 2Gbps to 4Gbps. At such high data rates, SSO noise introduced by output drivers becomes the major bottleneck in designing memory channels.GDDR3/4 is based on the pseudo open drain log ...
... when multiple output drivers switch simultaneously. The data rate of current DDR3/4 systems is expected to move from 2Gbps to 4Gbps. At such high data rates, SSO noise introduced by output drivers becomes the major bottleneck in designing memory channels.GDDR3/4 is based on the pseudo open drain log ...
INCREASE OF STRAIN GAGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE SIGNALS ACCURACY
... decreases with square root from sample number. Calculating absolute accuracy for each measured voltage, measurement uncertainty can be determined as B type where absolute accuracy is divided with 3 (rectangular distribution). Since all implementations periodically change voltage excitation polarity ...
... decreases with square root from sample number. Calculating absolute accuracy for each measured voltage, measurement uncertainty can be determined as B type where absolute accuracy is divided with 3 (rectangular distribution). Since all implementations periodically change voltage excitation polarity ...
Profil 930-940 and TGV Analogue clocks instructions
... The clock movement is catching the time signal from the DCF77 emitter based in Mainflingen Germany (Frankfurt). This emitter transmits long wave signals at 77,5 kHz and is tuned for Western Europe time. The local reception conditions are very important. After the clock setting to time by radio achie ...
... The clock movement is catching the time signal from the DCF77 emitter based in Mainflingen Germany (Frankfurt). This emitter transmits long wave signals at 77,5 kHz and is tuned for Western Europe time. The local reception conditions are very important. After the clock setting to time by radio achie ...
True-time delay line with separate carrier tuning
... be introduced to most MPFs which rely on discrete-time signal processing using real valued coefficients. Among various optical TTD techniques [4–11], stimulated Brillouin scattering- (SBS) induced slow light has been extensively investigated as one promising approach to provide all-optically control ...
... be introduced to most MPFs which rely on discrete-time signal processing using real valued coefficients. Among various optical TTD techniques [4–11], stimulated Brillouin scattering- (SBS) induced slow light has been extensively investigated as one promising approach to provide all-optically control ...
Universal frequency-dependent conduction of
... present major theoretical and experimental challenges. One of the most fascinating and appealing aspects of these systems is the fact that despite the complex, system-specific microscopic details of each particular glass, they share much in common with regards to the measured response of various obs ...
... present major theoretical and experimental challenges. One of the most fascinating and appealing aspects of these systems is the fact that despite the complex, system-specific microscopic details of each particular glass, they share much in common with regards to the measured response of various obs ...
AN1983 - SP-Elektroniikka
... The simplified model is useful for describing overtone circuits as well. In Figure 9 an inductor L has replaced C2 in Figure 7. The result is a 180 degree phase shift, and the circuit will not oscillate. In figure 10 C2 reappears and a DC blocking capacitor C3 is placed in series with the inductor. ...
... The simplified model is useful for describing overtone circuits as well. In Figure 9 an inductor L has replaced C2 in Figure 7. The result is a 180 degree phase shift, and the circuit will not oscillate. In figure 10 C2 reappears and a DC blocking capacitor C3 is placed in series with the inductor. ...
Chapter 4
... from an extended cavity diode laser (ECDL) is incident on the atomic vapour in the cell, and interacts with the atoms in the presence of an axial magnetic field. The beam then passes through a quarter wave plate before impinging on the PBS, which splits the light into vertically and horizontally pol ...
... from an extended cavity diode laser (ECDL) is incident on the atomic vapour in the cell, and interacts with the atoms in the presence of an axial magnetic field. The beam then passes through a quarter wave plate before impinging on the PBS, which splits the light into vertically and horizontally pol ...
CH 4 - Oscillator_updated
... When switch at the amplifier input is open, no oscillation occurs. Consider Vi,, results in Vo=AVi (after amplifier stage) and Vf = (AVi) (after feedback stage) Feedback voltage Vf = (AVi) where A is called loop gain. In order to maintain Vf = Vi , A must be in the correct magnitude and ...
... When switch at the amplifier input is open, no oscillation occurs. Consider Vi,, results in Vo=AVi (after amplifier stage) and Vf = (AVi) (after feedback stage) Feedback voltage Vf = (AVi) where A is called loop gain. In order to maintain Vf = Vi , A must be in the correct magnitude and ...
Lab 10: Frequency Response of Filter Circuits
... Programming an application in VEE is very different from programming in a text-based language such as C or BASIC. VEE uses graphical symbols, known as objects, to describe programming actions. Data flow is implemented by “wiring” objects together in the desired sequence. Due to VEE’s graphical user ...
... Programming an application in VEE is very different from programming in a text-based language such as C or BASIC. VEE uses graphical symbols, known as objects, to describe programming actions. Data flow is implemented by “wiring” objects together in the desired sequence. Due to VEE’s graphical user ...
Terahertz spectrum analyzer based on a terahertz frequency comb
... arisen. Furthermore, the advent of practical continuous-wave THz (CW-THz) sources, such as THz quantum cascade lasers [3], uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes [4], and resonant tunneling diodes [5], have increased demand for precise frequency measurement of CW-THz waves. However, it has proved difficu ...
... arisen. Furthermore, the advent of practical continuous-wave THz (CW-THz) sources, such as THz quantum cascade lasers [3], uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes [4], and resonant tunneling diodes [5], have increased demand for precise frequency measurement of CW-THz waves. However, it has proved difficu ...
Strong opto-electro-mechanical coupling in a silicon photonic crystal
... sensors [5] and as a suitable candidate for the development of biological sensors in lab-ona-chip technologies [6]. New generation of MEMS have critical dimensions down below the microscale, and into the nanoscale, opening the possibility to integrate these devices with other nanotechnologies. In th ...
... sensors [5] and as a suitable candidate for the development of biological sensors in lab-ona-chip technologies [6]. New generation of MEMS have critical dimensions down below the microscale, and into the nanoscale, opening the possibility to integrate these devices with other nanotechnologies. In th ...
Fast Frequency Acquisition Phase-Frequency Detectors for GSa/s
... consumption in the delay circuit. When the reset node and clock inputs are simultaneously low and high respectively, the DC current flows through N1, N2, N3 and P1 or (N4, N5, N6 and P2). Figure 7 illustrates the transfer curve of all three ...
... consumption in the delay circuit. When the reset node and clock inputs are simultaneously low and high respectively, the DC current flows through N1, N2, N3 and P1 or (N4, N5, N6 and P2). Figure 7 illustrates the transfer curve of all three ...
low-pass, high-pass, band-pass VARIABLE
... | H ( j ) |dB 20 log10 | H ( j ) | 20 log10 K 0 N 20 log10 | j | 20 log10 | 1 j1 | 20 log10 | 1 2 3 ( j3 ) ( j3 ) 2 | ... 20 log10 | 1 ja | 20 log10 | 1 2 b ( jb ) ( jb ) 2 | .. z1z2 z1 z2 H ( j ) 0 N 90 ...
... | H ( j ) |dB 20 log10 | H ( j ) | 20 log10 K 0 N 20 log10 | j | 20 log10 | 1 j1 | 20 log10 | 1 2 3 ( j3 ) ( j3 ) 2 | ... 20 log10 | 1 ja | 20 log10 | 1 2 b ( jb ) ( jb ) 2 | .. z1z2 z1 z2 H ( j ) 0 N 90 ...
Solution
... circuits must follow to provide ÷16. To create ÷15, we must force D34 to divide by 3 for one clock cycle. Shown in the figure above, the circuit senses the outputs of the asynchronous ÷2 stages by an OR gate and lowers MF when AB = 00. Thus, if MC is high, the circuit divides by 16. If MC is low and ...
... circuits must follow to provide ÷16. To create ÷15, we must force D34 to divide by 3 for one clock cycle. Shown in the figure above, the circuit senses the outputs of the asynchronous ÷2 stages by an OR gate and lowers MF when AB = 00. Thus, if MC is high, the circuit divides by 16. If MC is low and ...
Atomic clock
An atomic clock is a clock device that uses an electronic transition frequency in the microwave, optical, or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum of atoms as a frequency standard for its timekeeping element. Atomic clocks are the most accurate time and frequency standards known, and are used as primary standards for international time distribution services, to control the wave frequency of television broadcasts, and in global navigation satellite systems such as GPS.The principle of operation of an atomic clock is not based on nuclear physics, but rather on atomic physics; it uses the microwave signal that electrons in atoms emit when they change energy levels. Early atomic clocks were based on masers at room temperature. Currently, the most accurate atomic clocks first cool the atoms to near absolute zero temperature by slowing them with lasers and probing them in atomic fountains in a microwave-filled cavity. An example of this is the NIST-F1 atomic clock, one of the U.S.'s national primary time and frequency standards.The accuracy of an atomic clock depends on two factors. The first factor is temperature of the sample atoms—colder atoms move much more slowly, allowing longer probe times. The second factor is the frequency and intrinsic width of the electronic transition. Higher frequencies and narrow lines increase the precision.National standards agencies in many countries maintain a network of atomic clocks which are intercompared and kept synchronized to an accuracy of 10−9 seconds per day (approximately 1 part in 1014). These clocks collectively define a continuous and stable time scale, International Atomic Time (TAI). For civil time, another time scale is disseminated, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). UTC is derived from TAI, but approximately synchronised, by using leap seconds, to UT1, which is based on actual rotation of the Earth with respect to the solar time.