35 | the nervous system
... Astrocytes, shown in Figure 35.8a make contact with both capillaries and neurons in the CNS. They provide nutrients and other substances to neurons, regulate the concentrations of ions and chemicals in the extracellular fluid, and provide structural support for synapses. Astrocytes also form the blo ...
... Astrocytes, shown in Figure 35.8a make contact with both capillaries and neurons in the CNS. They provide nutrients and other substances to neurons, regulate the concentrations of ions and chemicals in the extracellular fluid, and provide structural support for synapses. Astrocytes also form the blo ...
Viewpoint - Columbia University
... data in Figures 1E and 1F were collected over a number of months, indicating that this mechanism is not only robust but stable. Finally, the common neuronal crossing time tc is different for each monkey, but nevertheless in both monkeys tc is close to the attentional switching time, despite signific ...
... data in Figures 1E and 1F were collected over a number of months, indicating that this mechanism is not only robust but stable. Finally, the common neuronal crossing time tc is different for each monkey, but nevertheless in both monkeys tc is close to the attentional switching time, despite signific ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, axon terminals of orexin-containing neurons and orexin recept ...
... food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, axon terminals of orexin-containing neurons and orexin recept ...
Sympathetically-correlated spinal cord neurons in rats
... • Laminae 7 and 8 contain interneurons involved in motor control and motor neurons that project to brain. – Lamina 8 is highly related to lamina 9M, and participates in movements of muscles in the head and neck. – Lamina 7 is related to lamina 9 and participates in limb muscle movement – Lamina 8 an ...
... • Laminae 7 and 8 contain interneurons involved in motor control and motor neurons that project to brain. – Lamina 8 is highly related to lamina 9M, and participates in movements of muscles in the head and neck. – Lamina 7 is related to lamina 9 and participates in limb muscle movement – Lamina 8 an ...
Habit formation
... that relates closely to how fluid and apparently non-purposeful the behavior is, potentially by “chunking” the behavior together into a unit. Animals in a wide variety of tasks start with trialand-error learning, and under conditions in which task demands are stable, behavior becomes more rigid and ...
... that relates closely to how fluid and apparently non-purposeful the behavior is, potentially by “chunking” the behavior together into a unit. Animals in a wide variety of tasks start with trialand-error learning, and under conditions in which task demands are stable, behavior becomes more rigid and ...
A Model of Prefrontal Cortical Mechanisms for Goal-directed Behavior Michael E. Hasselmo Abstract
... error term in TD learning and the activity of dopaminergic neurons (Schultz, Dayanm, & Montague, 1997; Montague, Dayan, & Sejnowski, 1996). The basal ganglia have been proposed to provide circuitry for computation of TD learning (Houk, Adams, & Barto, 1995). Alternatives to TD learning have also bee ...
... error term in TD learning and the activity of dopaminergic neurons (Schultz, Dayanm, & Montague, 1997; Montague, Dayan, & Sejnowski, 1996). The basal ganglia have been proposed to provide circuitry for computation of TD learning (Houk, Adams, & Barto, 1995). Alternatives to TD learning have also bee ...
Lack of response suppression follows repeated ventral tegmental
... firing rate. The increases in firing rate and the time to return to basal firing were not significantly different between exposures. Furthermore, the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A completely prevented the HU210-induced excitation whilst having no effect on its own, thus indicating a CB1-receptor ...
... firing rate. The increases in firing rate and the time to return to basal firing were not significantly different between exposures. Furthermore, the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A completely prevented the HU210-induced excitation whilst having no effect on its own, thus indicating a CB1-receptor ...
The Reflex Arc and Reflexes Lab
... (afferent) neuron. The sensory neuron leads into the central nervous system and may communicate with one or more interneurons. Some of these interneurons, in turn, communicate with motor (efferent) neurons, whose axons (nerve fibers) lead outward to effectors. Thus, when a sensory receptor is stimul ...
... (afferent) neuron. The sensory neuron leads into the central nervous system and may communicate with one or more interneurons. Some of these interneurons, in turn, communicate with motor (efferent) neurons, whose axons (nerve fibers) lead outward to effectors. Thus, when a sensory receptor is stimul ...
Saccade-related spread of activity across superior colliculus may
... either the SC map (the SC-symmetric kernel) or in the visual field (the visually symmetric, also called the SC-asymmetric kernel; see following text). Here the symmetry, either SC or visual space, refers to being isotropic (the same in all directions) as well as homogeneous (the same for neurons eve ...
... either the SC map (the SC-symmetric kernel) or in the visual field (the visually symmetric, also called the SC-asymmetric kernel; see following text). Here the symmetry, either SC or visual space, refers to being isotropic (the same in all directions) as well as homogeneous (the same for neurons eve ...
Ascending Sensory Pathways
... GTOs detect sensory input neuromuscular (muscle) spindles and from the skeletal muscle and the GTOs (neurotendinous spindles), are associated with skeletal muscle only transmit it to the spinal cord ...
... GTOs detect sensory input neuromuscular (muscle) spindles and from the skeletal muscle and the GTOs (neurotendinous spindles), are associated with skeletal muscle only transmit it to the spinal cord ...
A Stereoscopic Look at Visual Cortex
... scopic perception seemed too limited to grant attention as a potential alternative. This evidence mainly came from one published study (Janssen et al. 2003) demonstrating that neurons in macaque IT discard anti-correlated signals and from a preliminary report (Fujita et al. 2003) that signals in IT ...
... scopic perception seemed too limited to grant attention as a potential alternative. This evidence mainly came from one published study (Janssen et al. 2003) demonstrating that neurons in macaque IT discard anti-correlated signals and from a preliminary report (Fujita et al. 2003) that signals in IT ...
Exercise 15: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... spinal cord. The somata of these sensory fibers are found in an enlargement known as a dorsal root ganglion. • The dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form spinal nerves. ...
... spinal cord. The somata of these sensory fibers are found in an enlargement known as a dorsal root ganglion. • The dorsal and ventral roots fuse to form spinal nerves. ...
supplemental figures
... five test days before surgery; Day0: behavioral performance on first post-surgery day; Post: averaged behavioral performance on five test days after first post-surgery day. The statistic results showed in panel a and b were from post hoc simple effect analyses (MANOVA). All the statistical data that ...
... five test days before surgery; Day0: behavioral performance on first post-surgery day; Post: averaged behavioral performance on five test days after first post-surgery day. The statistic results showed in panel a and b were from post hoc simple effect analyses (MANOVA). All the statistical data that ...
Modelling afferent nerve responses to bladder filling
... innermost surface is a thin epithelial layer (termed the urothelium) surrounded by the laminar propria and a thick smooth muscle layer (the detrusor) which is covered by an elastin rich serosa. As the bladder fills it undergoes ~40% deformation to accommodate an increase in urine volume without a dr ...
... innermost surface is a thin epithelial layer (termed the urothelium) surrounded by the laminar propria and a thick smooth muscle layer (the detrusor) which is covered by an elastin rich serosa. As the bladder fills it undergoes ~40% deformation to accommodate an increase in urine volume without a dr ...
Institute of Psychology C.N.R.
... happens to develop that determines the actual value. The notion of a reaction norm is perhaps too simple for dealing with the more complex cases of gene/environment interaction but it appears to be useful to indicate in general terms the type of interaction between genes and environment that cause t ...
... happens to develop that determines the actual value. The notion of a reaction norm is perhaps too simple for dealing with the more complex cases of gene/environment interaction but it appears to be useful to indicate in general terms the type of interaction between genes and environment that cause t ...
muscle spindle - KIN450
... terminal of inhibitory afferent fibers at the renshaw cell. When a muscle contracts it also sends a collateral to a renshaw cell that stabilizes the firing rate so the limb does not continue to contract further after stretching. This regulates the motor neuron excitability and produces a recurrent i ...
... terminal of inhibitory afferent fibers at the renshaw cell. When a muscle contracts it also sends a collateral to a renshaw cell that stabilizes the firing rate so the limb does not continue to contract further after stretching. This regulates the motor neuron excitability and produces a recurrent i ...
Nervous System Mega Matching Table
... glial cells that form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS glial cells that form the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS glial cells that help produce and circulate CSF in the brain ventricles glial cells that help to form the blood-brain barrier glial cells that provide structural and metabo ...
... glial cells that form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS glial cells that form the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS glial cells that help produce and circulate CSF in the brain ventricles glial cells that help to form the blood-brain barrier glial cells that provide structural and metabo ...
Central Topography of Cranial Motor Nuclei Controlled by
... features of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) organization [1]. Nuclei are clusters of soma of functionally related neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circuit assembly. However, little is known of either the cellu ...
... features of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) organization [1]. Nuclei are clusters of soma of functionally related neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circuit assembly. However, little is known of either the cellu ...
Muscle Coordination 1 Changes in Muscle Coordination with
... at which the task could be performed in an accurate and stable fashion (6). Are such changes in the stability of behaviour mediated by trained induced alterations in the efficiency with which motor actions are generated? One direct consequence of resistance training appears to be an increase in the ...
... at which the task could be performed in an accurate and stable fashion (6). Are such changes in the stability of behaviour mediated by trained induced alterations in the efficiency with which motor actions are generated? One direct consequence of resistance training appears to be an increase in the ...
The mouse C9ORF72 ortholog is enriched in neurons known to
... repeats have been found upon autopsy of C9ORF72 patients 9, 10. However, whether one or more of these mechanisms are the cause of neuronal degeneration has not been resolved. Regardless of which molecular mechanism, or mechanisms, are responsible for the mutation's negative effects, it remains to be ...
... repeats have been found upon autopsy of C9ORF72 patients 9, 10. However, whether one or more of these mechanisms are the cause of neuronal degeneration has not been resolved. Regardless of which molecular mechanism, or mechanisms, are responsible for the mutation's negative effects, it remains to be ...
Hebbian learning - Computer Science | SIU
... The lateral connections are used to create a competition between neurons. The neuron with the largest activation level among all neurons in the output layer becomes the winner. This neuron is the only neuron that produces an output signal. The activity of all other neurons is suppressed in the co ...
... The lateral connections are used to create a competition between neurons. The neuron with the largest activation level among all neurons in the output layer becomes the winner. This neuron is the only neuron that produces an output signal. The activity of all other neurons is suppressed in the co ...