Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... (see below). The corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections are highly topographically organized and impart functionality onto the striatum and, consequently, other divisions of the basal ganglia. The main synaptic targets of the cortical and thalamic inputs to the basal ganglia are the medium- ...
... (see below). The corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections are highly topographically organized and impart functionality onto the striatum and, consequently, other divisions of the basal ganglia. The main synaptic targets of the cortical and thalamic inputs to the basal ganglia are the medium- ...
neural_networks
... 2. Variables whose values the simulation generates In the first case: we parameterize the computational elements In the second case: variables are continuously changed at successive time steps by the computational steps of the simulation. Parameterized variables that we choose for each postsynaptic ...
... 2. Variables whose values the simulation generates In the first case: we parameterize the computational elements In the second case: variables are continuously changed at successive time steps by the computational steps of the simulation. Parameterized variables that we choose for each postsynaptic ...
Dual single unit recording in Globus Pallidus (GP) and Subthalamic
... relationship between the two nuclei. A. An in-phase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the same direction (increase or decrease) in both GP and STN. B An out-ofphase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the opposite direction in GP and STN. ...
... relationship between the two nuclei. A. An in-phase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the same direction (increase or decrease) in both GP and STN. B An out-ofphase relationship is represented by firing rates that change in the opposite direction in GP and STN. ...
A computational account for the ontogeny of mirror neurons via
... In the early 1990s, mirror neurons were discovered in the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992). These neurons fired both when the monkeys grabbed an object and when they watched another primate grab that same object. Mirror neuron-like activity has been observed ...
... In the early 1990s, mirror neurons were discovered in the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992). These neurons fired both when the monkeys grabbed an object and when they watched another primate grab that same object. Mirror neuron-like activity has been observed ...
The concept of a reflex
... before additional injury can occur. To help an organism avoid injury reflex arcs provide a means for immediate withdrawal from dangerous stimuli. While all sensory information does eventually get sent to the brain for analysis, the advantage of a reflex arc is that it can process the rapid, protecti ...
... before additional injury can occur. To help an organism avoid injury reflex arcs provide a means for immediate withdrawal from dangerous stimuli. While all sensory information does eventually get sent to the brain for analysis, the advantage of a reflex arc is that it can process the rapid, protecti ...
A Point Process Model for Auditory Neurons Considering
... function. The Volterra expansion models the neuron’s baseline spike rate, its intrinsic dynamics spiking history - and the stimulus effect which in this case is the analog of the spectro-temporal receptive field (STRF). We performed the model fitting efficiently in a generalized linear model framewo ...
... function. The Volterra expansion models the neuron’s baseline spike rate, its intrinsic dynamics spiking history - and the stimulus effect which in this case is the analog of the spectro-temporal receptive field (STRF). We performed the model fitting efficiently in a generalized linear model framewo ...
article in press - Neurobiology of Vocal Communication
... suggesting that the PAG is not just a through-station of a descending vocalization pathway, but represents a relay station in which processing of vocal information takes place. Finally, single-unit recording studies have shown that the PAG contains neurons the activity of which is correlated with vo ...
... suggesting that the PAG is not just a through-station of a descending vocalization pathway, but represents a relay station in which processing of vocal information takes place. Finally, single-unit recording studies have shown that the PAG contains neurons the activity of which is correlated with vo ...
Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after
... attributed to a sensitization of central nociceptive neurons with an increased excitability to afferent input. We investigated if noxious dural stimulation evokes sensitization of second-order neurons that leads to an increased responsiveness to stimulation of cervical afferents. Recordings were mad ...
... attributed to a sensitization of central nociceptive neurons with an increased excitability to afferent input. We investigated if noxious dural stimulation evokes sensitization of second-order neurons that leads to an increased responsiveness to stimulation of cervical afferents. Recordings were mad ...
“The swallow is a reflex” The phrase “the swallow is a reflex” may
... Various studies have been conducted utilizing positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate and document the extent of cortical involvement in swallowing. Cortical involvement has been identified in studies evaluating volitional control of swallowing ...
... Various studies have been conducted utilizing positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate and document the extent of cortical involvement in swallowing. Cortical involvement has been identified in studies evaluating volitional control of swallowing ...
Behavioral flexibility is increased by optogenetic inhibition of
... bar-pressing task requiring a win– stay/lose –shift strategy. We found that optogenetic inhibition during action selection in the time segment preceding a lever press had no effect on performance. However, inhibition occurring in the time segment during feedback of results—whether rewards or nonrewa ...
... bar-pressing task requiring a win– stay/lose –shift strategy. We found that optogenetic inhibition during action selection in the time segment preceding a lever press had no effect on performance. However, inhibition occurring in the time segment during feedback of results—whether rewards or nonrewa ...
Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... c. the width of the synaptic cleft d. the speed of impulse conduction down the pre-synaptic neurons e. cerebellar interactions with the caudate nuclei, mediated by the insula and the mammillary body ...
... c. the width of the synaptic cleft d. the speed of impulse conduction down the pre-synaptic neurons e. cerebellar interactions with the caudate nuclei, mediated by the insula and the mammillary body ...
PDF
... Recurrent excitation can be potentially detrimental in leading to hyper-excitation of the circuit; inhibition is therefore required to modulate this excitation. Within all layers, excitatory and inhibitory neurons form recurrent connections. Between cortical layers, information flow has a strong dir ...
... Recurrent excitation can be potentially detrimental in leading to hyper-excitation of the circuit; inhibition is therefore required to modulate this excitation. Within all layers, excitatory and inhibitory neurons form recurrent connections. Between cortical layers, information flow has a strong dir ...
Cell-Type Specific Properties of Pyramidal
... correlating parameters from individual studies. The identification of genetically labeled neurons throughout the neocortex enabled in the present work the combined study of many parameters and their dependency on the sensory modality. We have characterized 2 populations of L5 pyramidal neurons geneti ...
... correlating parameters from individual studies. The identification of genetically labeled neurons throughout the neocortex enabled in the present work the combined study of many parameters and their dependency on the sensory modality. We have characterized 2 populations of L5 pyramidal neurons geneti ...
Rhythmicity, randomness and synchrony in climbing fiber signals
... nuclear loop is essential for developing or enhancing these involuntary rhythmic movements. Thus, it could be that the rhythmic activity is controlled within the olivo– cerebello–nuclear loop in normal conditions. LTD at climbing fiber–Purkinje cell synapses [35–37] is a good candidate for mediating ...
... nuclear loop is essential for developing or enhancing these involuntary rhythmic movements. Thus, it could be that the rhythmic activity is controlled within the olivo– cerebello–nuclear loop in normal conditions. LTD at climbing fiber–Purkinje cell synapses [35–37] is a good candidate for mediating ...
e. Nervous System - 2404 copy
... 4. the neurotransmitter is then either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal ...
... 4. the neurotransmitter is then either broken down or reabsorbed by the axon terminal ...